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5 book(s) with the same title
Pojecie Prawdy w Jezykach Nauk Dedukcyjnych (Polish). [The Concept of Truth in Formalized Languages]. - [FOUNDING MODERN LOGICAL SEMANTICS]
Warszawa, 1933. Small 4to. Orig. printed wrappers, sunned at the edges, but otherwise near mint condition, also internally. An excellent copy. VII, (1), 116, (1, - errata) pp.
The exceedingly scarce first printing of Tarski's most important and influential work, ""The Concept of Truth in Formalized Languages"", which founded modern logical semantics.The work appeared in an extremely small number, in Polish, and many copies of the article have later been destroyed, thus, the work is of the utmost scarcity. In this seminal article the Polish-American logician and mathematician Alfred Tarski devotes himself to ""the definition of truth"". ""Its task is to construct -with reference to a given language- a materially adequate and formally correct definition of the term ""true sentence""."" (Introduction, English translation, 1956). With this work the face of logic was changed forever. The ""Concept of Truth"" constitutes a landmark event in 20th century analytic philosophy, and it ranks as one of the most important contributions to symbolic logic, semantics and philosophy of language. In this work Tarski develops the semantic theory of truth for formal languages and determines the fact that no language can contain its own truth predicate. Tarski thus concluded that the semantic theory could not be applied to any natural language. -This was later used by e.g. Davidson to construct his truth-conditional semantics, and the problems solved by Tarski are some of the same that Russell and Whitehead struggled to solve in their ""Principia Mathematica"".Tarski (1901-1983) has contributed seminally to the fields of mathematics and logic in a number of ways, and together with Frege, Russell and Gödel, he now ranks as one of the most important contributors to the field of modern logic. At the time of Franz Brentano (1838-1917), one of the philosophers of the greatest significance for contemporary philosophy and in many ways a forerunner of present-day empiricism, it was very unusual for a metaphysician to acknowledge that philosophical investigation must go hand in hand with an analysis of language. Linguistic analysis has thus been almost totally limited to the pure empiricists of philosophy, who reject all forms of metaphysics. Meanwhile, ontologists and metaphysicians have been satisfied with the ordinary language and asked no questions about its possible limitations, merely dismissing the logical faults and adding the odd neologisms. Today, however, especially within the English speaking tradition, linguistic analysis has reached a degree unheard of at the time of Brentano, and it is now generally accepted that certain logical and epistemological problems can be solved only by forsaking ordinary language and substituting it for artificially constructed language systems that follow certain principles. Thus, difficulties that appeared within earlier philosophical doctrines are meant to disappear if the theory can be formulated more precisely, and one of the most important examples is the ""adequacy theory of truth"". Tarski shows that the concept of truth of the adequacy theory can be introduced in a perfectly exact way within the formalized language systems that are equipped with precise rules of interpretation, and thus he rids us of the usual misgivings against the concept of truth. And thus he has developed one of the most important theories of modern logic.""Tarski's investigations are of singular philosophical significance for another reason as well. Within the framework of semantics, which he founded and which Carnap later developed further, it becomes possible for the first time to introduce the notion of an analytic judgment (or an analytic statement) in a form that is both sufficiently general and of the utmost precision. This notion also plays an exceptionally important role in Brentano's philosophy, especially in his studies in formal logic."" (Stegmüller, Main Currents... p. 56). When constructing a semantical system, a vocabulary of the desired object language must be determined as the first. Then formulation rules must be specified, before the rules of interpretation are laid down, and finally the rules of application are supplied. The most important rules here are the rules of truth, and the concept of truth is one of the most important semantical concepts at all, for without them no understanding of the sentences within the system would be ensured. And, of course, the truth definitions must satisfy a condition of adequacy. ""...This form of an adequacy condition that must be satisfied by every semantical truth concept goes back to the Polish logician, Stanislaw Lesniewski. But it was the logician Alfred Tarski who above all made use of this notion, and who first studied in detail the possibilities of introducing a formally exact and materially adequate concept of truth into the precise languages of science. Carnap's accounts of semantical systems rest largely on the prior works of Tarski."" (Stegmüller, p. 311). Tarski also pointed out that it is necessary for all semantical concepts, and especially for the concept of truth, to strictly separate object language and metalanguage. Otherwise we would put ourselves in the unlucky position of being able to prove both a statement and its negation at the same time. In the English translation from 1956 of Tarski's works, ""Logic, Semantics, Metamathematics"", the bibliographical information about this article is erroneous.
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Bureau de la revue. Novembre 2002. In-4. Broché. Bon état, Couv. convenable, Dos satisfaisant, Intérieur frais. 154 pages. Nombreuses illustrations en couleurs dans et hors texte.. . . . Classification Dewey : 629.2-Automobile
Sommaire : Les 40 ans de la Ferrari 250 GTO, Les classiques de l'année 1962, Gros plan sur la Citroë, C-Airdream, Concept car Renault Ellypse, Les concept cars français, allemands, italiens, Gros plan sur la Saab 9-3X, Les concept cars suédois, anglais, tchèques et russes, Les concept cars suisses et espagnols, Gros plan sur la Seat Salsa, Gros plan sur la Cadillac Cien, Gros plan sur la Ford GT40, Les concepts cars américains, Gros plan sur les Mitsubishi CZ2 et CZ3 tarmac Classification Dewey : 629.2-Automobile
Apocryphite. Histoire d'un concept transversal aux religions du Livre . En hommage a Pierre Geoltrain,
Turnhout, Brepols, 2002 Paperback, 336 p., 155 x 240 mm. ISBN 9782503513492.
Au point de depart, le concept d'apocryphite suppose le concept de canonicite. C'est donc d'abord la constitution d'un corpus d'ecrits dits canonises qui genere ensuite de diverses manieres une litterature definie comme apocryphe. Le concept d'apocryphite repose donc apparemment sur une simple equation - il est le produit d'un autre concept, celui de la canonicite. Meme s'il convient de ne pas generaliser a tous les cas un tel parametre, c'est, semble-t-il, une evidence. Ce phenomene a touche l'ensemble des religions dites du Livre au sens actuel de l'expression qui est bien large, mais aussi les religions grecques et romaines de l'Antiquite dans lesquelles la constitution de corpus a entraine la formation d'une frange apocryphe. En la matiere, ce qui se passe dans le christianisme provient evidemment du judaisme, mais se deroule aussi, sous des formes plus ou moins similaires, dans le mazdeisme et le manicheisme. Languages: French.
Der menschliche Weltbegriff. - [INTRODUCING THE CONCEPT OF INTROJECTION - PRESENTATION-COPY]
Leipzig, Reisland, 1891. 8vo. Bound with the original front wrapper in a contemporaryhalf leather binding with gilding to spine. Spine with some wear and corners bumped. Internally fine. Bookplate to inside of front board. Inscription to front wrapper. XXIV, 133, (1) pp.
Scarce first edition, presentation-copy, of one of Avenarius' main works, his foundational ""The Human Concept of the World"", which constitutes one of the greatest expositions of the radical positivist doctrine of ""Empiriocriticism"" (or ""empirical criticism"") and which introduced the theory of 'Introjection' (a certain theory of a fundamental difference between the 'inner' and 'outer' experiences, with different consequences. The term has later become fundamental in psychoanalysis). The work was extremely influential and is considered one of the main works of empiriocriticism, which after WWI evolved into logical positivism. The work directly influenced thinkers such as Ernst Mach and Ber Borochov and had an immense impact upon positivist thought, both philosophical and scientific. The book is inscribed to the famous Danish philosopher Harald Høffding: ""Herr Professor H. Hoffding/ mit herzl. Gruss u. in dankbar Erinnerung/ an Skodsborg/ hochachtungsvoll/ d. Verf."", dated 1895. Harald Høffding (1843-1931) was one of the leading Danish philosophers of the turn of the century. His philosophy is greatly inspired by positivism, which around 1900, mainly due to Avenarius and Mach, came to be synonymous with empiriocriticism. Høffding had met Avenarius for the first time in Zürich and met him again in 1895 in Skodsborg (the time for which Avenarius thanks him in the presentation-inscription), a small city along the coast North of Copenhagen. Høffding describes this encounter in his ""Contemporary Philosophers"" from 1904. He describes how Avenarius sought ease in cities of water and writes how their meeting in Skodsborg constituted the first time that Avenarius made him acquainted with ""pure experience"", when walking around together in the garden of acclimatization. Avenarius died two years later. Høffding clearly admired the great thinker and describes Avenarius' character as ""a rare energy of thought united with an artistic taste and an open and calm character"". Avenarius' philosophy is further described by Høffding in his great work ""The History of Newer Philosophy"" (1894-95). The German philosopher Richard Avenarius (1843-1896), most famous for his formulation ""empirical criticism"", was not only read and studied in France and Germany, but also greatly influenced Russian philosophy"" his ""The Human Concept of the World"" was severely criticized by Lenin in his extremely influential ""Materialism and Empirio-criticism"" (1909), which became an obligatory subject of study in all institutions of higher education in the Soviet Union, as a seminal work of dialectical materialism. In the text Lenin argued against Avenarius' concept of ""Introjection"" and stated that human perceptions correctly and accurately reflect the objective external world. Avenarius believed that scientific philosophy must be concerned with purely descriptive definitions of experience, which must be free of both metaphysics and materialism. In his ""The Human Concept of the World"", Avenarius formulates his first natural idea of the universe, which forms the basis of all of his thought.""WHEN Richard Avenarius, Professor of Philosophy at the University, died at Zürich on 18th August, 1896, only a very small circle of philosophers and pupils knew what a powerful mind had been snatched from amongst them"" for he was a man whose unique thought was unappreciated by his contemporaries solely because it was unique, and diverged too much from what was previously familiar."" (Friedrich Carstanjen: Richard Avenarius and his General theory of Knowledge, Empiriocriticism. In: Mind, N.S., Vol. 6 (1897): pp. 449-475). ""An especially new point in this paper is the theory of 'Introjection,' by which Avenarius explains the growth and formation of the theory that a fundamental difference exists between the 'inner' and 'outer' experiences. Avenarius does not find in these two kinds of experience any 'incomparability' or any 'fundamental dualism'. The idea of their essential difference has been derived, according to his opinion, from a kind of false materialism, which believed in the enclosure of the soul in the body or in a part of it, and, later, in the enclosure of the faculties of the soul in the soul's substance. From this belief sprang the notion that the soul was something enclosed from the 'outer world,' into which enclosure every impression from without could come only through a putting-in, or 'introjection'. The whole modern psychology, psycho-physics and most of philosophical theories contain such opinions, and therefore serve to strengthen the artificial wall between the inner and outer experiences which makes the sciences of the 'inner world' always more inaccessible to exact methods of investigation, and consequently more sterile."" (D. Josepha Kodis, in the Psychological Review, vol. iii., 6, p. 609). ""The Philosophy of Avenarius attracts more and more attention from thinkers who are striving for new views, and it gains ground steadily. England still holds aloof from it, and this is to some extent strange, since it is in England that we find the origin of the Association Psychology and of a Common-Sense Philosophy"" it is true that taken as wholes neither of these has anything to do with Empiriocriticism, but in detail they would find many of their propositions in Empiriocriticism. It must not indeed be concealed that the difficulties of penetrating into Avenarius' works are very serious, chiefly because of the entirely new terminology introduced by him."" (Friedrich Carstanjen: Richard Avenarius and his General theory of Knowledge, Empiriocriticism. In: Mind, N.S., Vol. 6 (1897): pp. 449-475).
The Concept of Law. - [A CORNERSTONE OF LEGAL PHILOSOPHY]
Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1961. 8vo. Orig. full black cloth, orig. red, white and black dust-jacket, not price-clipped. A very nice, clean, and fresh copy in an excellent dust-jacket with just a tiny bit of soiling and a few small tears to extremities (no loss). An old owner's name in pencil erased from front free end-paper. A few faint marginal notes in pencil. An excellent copy. X, 263, (1) pp.
The hugely important first edition, review-copy with slip laid in, of Hart's seminal main work, a cornerstone of legal philosophy and probably the most important book in legal philosophy of the 20th century.The legal philosopher Herbert Lionel Adolphus Hart (1907-1992) is famous for his immensely influential contributions to legal philosophy, including his theory of legal positivism, which is developed on the basis of analytic philosophy. By using the tools of analytic philosophy and philosophy of language, clearly inspired by philosophers like Wittgenstein, in his attempts to solve the problems of legal theory, Hart came to revolutionize the way that jurisprudence and philosophy of law is conducted in especially America and Great Britain, and as such, his work is considered the main reason why English-language theory of law is now accepted as a natural part of philosophy. In 1952 Hart began what is now called his Holmes lecture, Positivism and the Separation of Law and Morals"", and it is from this lecture that his masterpiece work ""The Concept of Law"" emerged. The work was first published, as it is here, in 1961, and numerous issues of it later appeared. In 1994 a new, posthumous, edition was published, establishing the lasting influence of the work.""The Concept of Law"" poses the main question, whether all laws can be understood as being coercive orders or moral commands. It analyses the relation between law, coercion, and morality and comes to the conclusion that there is no logically necessary connection between neither law and coercion nor low and morality. Had one assumed such a necessary connection, Hart claims, one would have oversimplified the relation between the three and would have misunderstood the content, purpose, function and application of a number of laws.On this basis, Hart develops a distinction between primary and secondary legal rules, the primary rule being that which governs conduct, and the secondary rule being that which allows alterations of the primary one. He furthermore distinguishes between internal and external points of view of law, and not least, he developed the idea of the Rule of Recognition, a central part of his theory of logical positivism, a meta-rule that underlies any legal system and which differentiates between norms that have authority of law and those that do not. The Rule of Recognition identifies legal validity within the legal system.""The Concept of Law"" must be said to be the most important and original work of 20th century legal philosophy. Though Hart's contribution to the study of jurisprudence and legal philosophy has been enormous in general, ""The Concept of Law"" occupies a seminal place within this study and is considered his absolute masterpiece. Its influence has been enormous, and a huge growth in the quantity of scholarship of the area of jurisprudence and legal thought can be traced directly back to this work. Hart's combination of twentieth-century analytic philosophy with the jurisprudential tradition of Jeremy Bentham has had an immense influence on legal though and continues to have so. Most important legal scholars of the 20th century are influenced by Hart in one way or the other, for instance John Rawls, and Ronald Dworkin, who, however, disagrees with his theories.
