‎SHELAG BROWN WITH PHIL LAWSON JOHNSTON‎
‎VALUE ME‎

‎Der Natürliche Werth. - [THE FIRST FULLY DEVELOPED THEORY OF VALUE - COINING ""IMPUTATION""]‎

‎Wien, Alfred Hölder, 1889. 8vo. Uncut in the original printed yellow wrappers. Light soiling and a few minor nicks to extremities. A very fine and clean copy. XVI, 239 pp.‎

‎First edition, rarely seen in the original wrappers, of this important work in which Wieser attempts to apply marginal utility analysis to the determination of cost, thus for the first time fully developing a theory of value. The work ""ranks high as an original achievement"" and is one of the very earliest to realize the information value of prizes. It is furthermore here that the term ""imputation"" is coined.""It was only with Friedrich von Wieser's book [the present] that an attempt was made to fill the lacuna left by Menger and Böhm-Bawerk. Wieser makes it clear that without a solution to the problem of 'imputation' the new theory would remain incomplete and would be subjected to the widespread criticism that it cannot deal with production. The problem is posed as follows"" 'The statement that the productive goods receive their value from the value of their produce suffices only to evaluate [schätzen] the collaborating factors of production as a whole, but not separately. In order to be able to do also this, a rule is needed which allows one to apportion the total produce in detail.'(Wieser, 1889)."" (Steedman, Socialism & Marginalism in Economics 1870 - 1930). ""[H]e continued to work on the same problems and also on what he regarded merely as a first step toward a theory of value that was to be fully developed in [the present work]. He employed the expository device of studying value in a centrally directed economy and suggested possible applications of utility theory to public finance. The book gained him almost immediate acclaim, and it was soon translated into English"" (Frederich von Hayek in IESS).""[In the present work he] worked out the Austrian theories of cost and distribution (he coined the phrase 'Zurechnung', imputation), which Menger had not more than sketched, and this work must in spite of the latter fact and also in spite of glaring faults of technique, rank high as an original achievement. (Schumpeter, History of Economic Analysis)""In this work he applied the marginal utility theory not only horizontally, i.e. to trading and exchange, but also vertically, i.e. to production processes. He defined the value of higher goods produced alongside them, thus developing his imputation theory. Wieser, who possessed a certain ""obsession with compulsive computability"" is recognized as one of the first economist to realize the information value of prices."" (Schulak, the Austrian School of Economics). Masui p. 909Menger col. 395.‎

‎Der Formalismus in der Ethik und die materiale Wertethik mit besonderer Berücksichtigung der Ethik Immanuel Kants. (2 Teile). (1. Teil: Sonderausdruck aus: ""Jahrbuch für Philosophie und phänomenologische Forschung"", Bd. I. Herausgegeben von E. Husserl... - [FOUNDING ETHICS AS A THEORY OF VALUE]‎

‎Halle, Niemeyer, 1913-16. Two 8vo volumes, both in orig. wrappers. 1st part, being offprint: in the orig. brownish wrappers. A bit of wear to upper capital and a bit of occasional brownspotting. Corners a bit bumped. Uncut. (4), 161 pp. 2nd part, being the entire issue of Jahrbuch für Philosophie ... from 1916: Orig. greyish wrappers, sunned spine. Nice and clean. Uncut. Pp. 21-478. Entire volume: VIII, 478, (2), (8, -contents list for volume 1, part 1).‎

‎The first printing, first part in offprint, of Max Scheler's great phenomenological work ""Formalism in Ethics and Non-Formal Ethics of Values"".Max Scheler (1874-1928), an important contemporary of Husserl, was a German phenomenological philosopher mostly known for his theories of value and philosophical anthropology. He was very inspired by Husserl and further developed his philosophical method. He was greatly admired in his time and made important contributions to his fields of philosophy. When José Ortega y Gasset called Scheler ""the first man of the philosophical paradise"", this expresses a notion felt my many of the important philosophers of his time. Though he did not always see eye to eye with Husserl and Heidegger, they admired him a great deal, and had it not been because of his early and sudden death, he might well have survived as one of the most important philosophers of the 20th century. Heidegger actually referred to him as ""the strongest philosophical power in contemporary Germany, no in contemporary Europe and even in contemporary philosophy in general"" (""die stärkste philosophische Kraft im heutigen Deutschland, nein, im heutigen Europa und sogar in der gegenwärtigen Philosophie überhaupt""), and in his thoughts are represented the epitome of philosophical and cultural efforts articulated in the transition to the 20th century.In this work, which is one of his main, we are presented with the essence of Scheler's theory of value. He wishes to found an ethic in form of a theory of value, and he focuses on the feeling human nature and the individual, who feels and loves. He puts the value of the person in front of knowledge and perception and presupposes the sphere of the individual human being, denying the possibility of pure ego, pure reason or pure consciousness, thus criticizing both Husserl, Kant and German idealism. The essence of human existence cannot be accounted for by a transcendental ego, reason, will or the like, but by the human feelings with love as the centre. Scheler links human feelings to experiences of value and divides these into five ranks that can be felt by all human beings. These values are independent of the things they are felt with, though there is always a certain order, and this order is thoroughly investigated.‎

‎A New Modification of the Cloud Method of Determining the Elementary Electrical Charge and the Most Probable Value of that Charge. - [THE OIL DROP EXPERIMENT]‎

‎London, Taylor & Francis, 1910. 8vo. Bound with the original wrappers in recent full blue cloth with black lettering to spine. In ""The Philosophical Magazine"" for February 1910, vol 19, no. 110. The entire issue offered. Wrappers reinforced in margin, otherwise a fine copy. Pp. 209-228 [Entire issue: pp. 209-336].‎

‎First edition of Millikan's landmark experiment in which he first provided the definitive proof that all electrical charges are exact multiples of a definite, fundamental value, namely the charge of the electron which in essence made possible the measurement of the electrical charge. In this paper, Millikan makes ""the important discovery that individual drops always carried an exact multiple of the smallest charge measured - this being the first accurate measurement of the charge of the electron"" ( Davis, Science in the Making, Volume 3, 10-11). Today it is primarily known as the 'oil-drop experiment'. ""By 1909 Millikan was deeply involved in an attempt to measure the electronic charge. No one had yet obtained a reliable value for this fundamental constant, and some antiatomistic Continental physicists were insisting that it was not the constant of a unique particle but a statistical average of diverse electrical energies. Millikan launched his investigation with a technique developed by the British-born physicist H. A. Wilson" it consisted essentially of measuring, first, the rate at which a charged cloud of water vapor fell under the influence of gravity and then the modified rate under the counterforce of an electric field. Using Stokes's law of fall to determine the mass of the cloud, one could in principle compute the ionic charge. Millikan quickly recognized the numerous uncertainties in this technique, including the fact that evaporation at the surface of the cloud confused the measure of its rate of fall. Hoping to correct for this effect, he decided to study the evaporation history of the cloud while a strong electric Held held it in a stationary position.But when Millikan switched on the powerful field, the cloud disappeared" in its place were a few charged water drops moving slowly in response to the imposed electrical force. He quickly realized that it would be a good deal more accurate to determine the electronic charge by working with a single drop than with the swarm of particles in a cloud. Finding that he could make measurements on water drops for up to forty-five seconds before they evaporated. Millikan arrived at a value for e in 1909 which he considered accurate to within 2 percent. More important, he observed that the charge on any given water drop was always an integral multiple of an irreducible value. This result provided the most persuasive evidence yet that electrons were fundamental particles of identical charge and mass.Late in 1909 Millikan greatly improved the drop method by substituting oil for water. Because of the relatively low volatility of this liquid, he could measure the rise and fall of the drops for up to four and a half hours. Spraying the chamber with radium radiation, he could change the charge on a single drop at will. His overall results decisively confirmed the integral-multiple values of the total charge. As for the determination of e itself, Millikan found that Stokes's law was inadequate for his experimental circumstances because the size of the drops was comparable with the mean free path of the air. Using the so-called Stokes-Cunningham version of the law, which took this condition into account, by late 1910 he had computed a charge for e of 4.891×10-10 e.s.u. Realizing that the accuracy of this figure was no better than that of the key constants involved in the computation, Millikan painstakingly reevaluated the coefficient of viscosity of air and the mean-free-path term in the Stokes-Cunningham law. In 1913 he published the value for the electronic charge, 4.774±.009×10-10 e.s.u., which would serve the world of science for a generation."" (DSB). In 1923 Millikan became the first American-born Nobel laureate for his work on determination of Planck's constant on the basis of Einstein's theory of the photoelectric effect.‎

‎Andersen B. M. The value of money. In English /Andersen B. M. The value of money‎

‎Andersen B. M. The value of money. In English (ask us if in doubt)/Andersen B. M. The value of money. New York The Macmillan company 1917. 610 c. SKUalbaff16eaa6d742e35.‎

‎A Logical Analysis of Some Value Concepts. - [THE FITCH'S PARADOX OF KNOWABILITY]‎

‎[No place], The Association for Symbolic Logic, 1963. 8vo. In the original printed wrappers. In ""Journal of Symbolic Logic"", Vol. 28, Number 2. June, 1963. A very fine and clean copy. Pp. 135-142. [Entire issue: Pp. 113-175.].‎

‎First printing of Fitch's famous paper which laid the foundation for ""The Fitch's Paradox of Knowability"". ""The literature on the knowability paradox emerges in response to a proof first published by Frederic Fitch in his now famous 1963 paper, ""A Logical Analysis of Some Value Concepts."" Theorem 5, as it was there called, threatens to collapse a number of modal and epistemic differences. Let ignorance be the failure to know some truth. Then Theorem 5 collapses a commitment to contingent ignorance into a commitment to necessary ignorance. For it shows that the existence of truths in fact unknown entails the existence of truths necessarily unknown. Fitch published the proof in 1963 to avert a kind of ""conditional fallacy"" that threatened his informed-desire analysis of value. The analysis roughly says: x is valuable to s just in case there is a truth p such that were s to known p then she would desire x. The existence of unknowable truths ultimately explains why he restricts the propositional variables to knowable propositions. For an unknowable truth provides for an impossible antecedent in Fitch's counterfactual, and ultimately trivializes the analysis. Since Fitch's theory of value is not the context in which the paradox is widely discussed, we will say no more about it here."" (SEP). ‎