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KRAMERS (H. A.).-
Quantum mechanics.
New York, Dover, 1964, in 8° broché, XVI-496 pages ; traces de ruban adhésif sur les gardes.
Reference : 66103
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5 book(s) with the same title
Die gegenwärtige Situation in der Quantenmechanik I-III [All]. (The Present Situation in Quantum Mechanics). - [SCHRÖDINGER'S CAT]
Berlin, Springer, 1935. Royal8vo. Bound in recent half cloth with gilt lettering to spine. In ""Die Naturwissenschaften"", Vol 23, 1935. Minor wear to extremities, otherwise a very fine and clean copy. Pp. 807-812" Pp. 823-828" Pp. 844-849. [Entire volume: XIX, (1), 870, 8 pp.].
First edition and first announcement of Schrödinger's famous reply to the EPR-paradox, arguably the most celebrated and influential illustration of the paradoxes of quantum theory also known as Schrödinger's Cat. When in May 1935 Einstein, Podolsky and Rosen published the so-called EPR-paper in ""Physical Review"", they set out to demonstrate that the Copenhagen interpretation of quantum mechanics could not constitute a complete description of nature. The EPR-article prompted a number of responses, e.g. from Bohr, the co-founder of the Copenhagen School, who began writing his response immediately after the publication of the Physical Review article. It is this debate that Schrödinger participates in with his seminal paper on ""The Present Situation in Quantum Mechanics"", in which he presents what is now famously known as Schrödinger's Cat. Schrödinger's Cat is the name of the thought experiment that Schrödinger develops in this article and that was intended as a discussion of the EPR article.After the publication of the EPR article, Einstein and Schrödinger had begun an exchange of letters on the subject of the possibility of quantum mechanics, as interpreted by the Copenhagenists, representing reality. During this exchange of letters, Schrödinger had been inspired by Einstein's view of the problem of applying the Copenhagen interpretation of Quantum mechanics to everyday objects. But Schrödinger, in his response, took his illustration of the absurdity of the interpretation and the incompleteness of quantum mechanics a step further" he applied it to a living entity, namely a cat. Schrödinger imagines a sealed box containing a cat, a bottle of poison, a radioactive source, a Geiger counter and a hammer. When the Geiger counter detects radiation, a mechanism is switched on that makes the hammer fall the hammer breaks the bottle, and the poison kills the cat. Because it is random, when the Geiger counter will detect radiation, and because in Quantum mechanics, physical conditions are described with the aid of a wave-function that explains all possible conditions of the system, Quantum mechanics, according to the Copenhagen interpretation, would come to the conclusion that the cat in the box is both living and dead, at the same time (the wave function is made up of a superposition of the two conditions -the cat being living and the cat being dead-" the two positions collapse into one, as soon as the system is interpreted as consisting of only one condition -either dead or living cat-, with the sole possible conclusion that the cat is both). Due to Heisenberg and Bohr's independent interpretation of Quantum theory (the ""Copenhagen interpretation), Quantum theory had in 1927 developed in a direction unforeseen by Schrödinger. ""Schrödinger was ""concerned and disappointed"" that this ""transcendental, almost physical interpretation of the wave phenomena"" had become the ""almost universally accepted dogma."""" (D.S.B. XII, p. 221). His most famous and widely used attack on this interpretation was that of ""Schrödinger's Cat"". This paradox of the dead-and-alive cat vigorously illustrated the absurdity of quantum mechanics and what was necessary to describe the states within this system. The thought experiment of Schrödinger's cat turned out to be hugely influential, and has become a standard paradox within both physics and philosophy.
Die gegenwärtige Situation in der Quantenmechanik I-III [All]. (The Present Situation in Quantum Mechanics). - [SCHRÖDINGER'S CAT]
Springer, Berlin, 1935. 4to. (256x186mm). Pages 807-812 823-828" 844-849 from volume 23 of 'Die Naturwissenschaften'. Bound together in recent attractive marbled boards (Hanne Jensen). Leather title with gilt lettering on front board. A fine and clean copy.
First edition and first announcement of Schrödinger's famous reply to the EPR-paradox (also known as Schrödinger's Cat). When in May 1935 Einstein, Podolsky and Rosen published the so-called EPR-paper in ""Physical Review"", they set out to demonstrate that the Copenhagen interpretation of quantum mechanics could not constitute a complete description of nature. The EPR-article prompted a number of responses, e.g. from Bohr, the co-founder of the Copenhagen School, who began writing his response immediately after the publication of the Physical Review article. It is this debate that Schrödinger participates in with his seminal paper on ""The Present Situation in Quantum Mechanics"", in which he presents what is now famously known as Schrödinger's Cat. Schrödinger's Cat is the name of the thought experiment that Schrödinger develops in this article and that was intended as a discussion of the EPR article.After the publication of the EPR article, Einstein and Schrödinger had begun an exchange of letters on the subject of the possibility of quantum mechanics, as interpreted by the Copenhagenists, representing reality. During this exchange of letters, Schrödinger had been inspired by Einstein's view of the problem of applying the Copenhagen interpretation of Quantum mechanics to everyday objects. But Schrödinger, in his response, took his illustration of the absurdity of the interpretation and the incompleteness of quantum mechanics a step further" he applied it to a living entity, namely a cat. Schrödinger imagines a sealed box containing a cat, a bottle of poison, a radioactive source, a Geiger counter and a hammer. When the Geiger counter detects radiation, a mechanism is switched on that makes the hammer fall the hammer breaks the bottle, and the poison kills the cat. Because it is random, when the Geiger counter will detect radiation, and because in Quantum mechanics, physical conditions are described with the aid of a wave-function that explains all possible conditions of the system, Quantum mechanics, according to the Copenhagen interpretation, would come to the conclusion that the cat in the box is both living and dead, at the same time (the wave function is made up of a superposition of the two conditions -the cat being living and the cat being dead-" the two positions collapse into one, as soon as the system is interpreted as consisting of only one condition -either dead or living cat-, with the sole possible conclusion that the cat is both). Due to Heisenberg and Bohr's independent interpretation of Quantum theory (the ""Copenhagen interpretation), Quantum theory had in 1927 developed in a direction unforeseen by Schrödinger. ""Schrödinger was ""concerned and disappointed"" that this ""transcendental, almost physical interpretation of the wave phenomena"" had become the ""almost universally accepted dogma."""" (D.S.B. XII, p. 221). His most famous and widely used attack on this interpretation was that of ""Schrödinger's Cat"". This paradox of the dead-and-alive cat vigorously illustrated the absurdity of quantum mechanics and what was necessary to describe the states within this system. The thought experiment of Schrödinger's cat turned out to be hugely influential, and has become a standard paradox within both physics and philosophy.
Die gegenwärtige Situation in der Quantenmechanik I-II. (The Present Situation in Quantum Mechanics). - [SCHRÖDINGER'S CAT]
Berlin, Springer, 1935. Royal8vo. As extracted from ""Die Naturwissenschaften"", vol. 23, 1935. No backstrip. Fine and clean. Pp. 807-812"" 823-828.
First edition and first announcement of Schrödinger's famous reply to the EPR-paradox (also known as Schrödinger's Cat). When in May 1935 Einstein, Podolsky and Rosen published the so-called EPR-paper in ""Physical Review"", they set out to demonstrate that the Copenhagen interpretation of quantum mechanics could not constitute a complete description of nature. The EPR-article prompted a number of responses, e.g. from Bohr, the co-founder of the Copenhagen School, who began writing his response immediately after the publication of the Physical Review article. It is this debate that Schrödinger participates in with his seminal paper on ""The Present Situation in Quantum Mechanics"", in which he presents what is now famously known as Schrödinger's Cat. Schrödinger's Cat is the name of the thought experiment that Schrödinger develops in this article and that was intended as a discussion of the EPR article.After the publication of the EPR article, Einstein and Schrödinger had begun an exchange of letters on the subject of the possibility of quantum mechanics, as interpreted by the Copenhagenists, representing reality. During this exchange of letters, Schrödinger had been inspired by Einstein's view of the problem of applying the Copenhagen interpretation of Quantum mechanics to everyday objects. But Schrödinger, in his response, took his illustration of the absurdity of the interpretation and the incompleteness of quantum mechanics a step further" he applied it to a living entity, namely a cat. Schrödinger imagines a sealed box containing a cat, a bottle of poison, a radioactive source, a Geiger counter and a hammer. When the Geiger counter detects radiation, a mechanism is switched on that makes the hammer fall the hammer breaks the bottle, and the poison kills the cat. Because it is random, when the Geiger counter will detect radiation, and because in Quantum mechanics, physical conditions are described with the aid of a wave-function that explains all possible conditions of the system, Quantum mechanics, according to the Copenhagen interpretation, would come to the conclusion that the cat in the box is both living and dead, at the same time (the wave function is made up of a superposition of the two conditions -the cat being living and the cat being dead-" the two positions collapse into one, as soon as the system is interpreted as consisting of only one condition -either dead or living cat-, with the sole possible conclusion that the cat is both). Due to Heisenberg and Bohr's independent interpretation of Quantum theory (the ""Copenhagen interpretation), Quantum theory had in 1927 developed in a direction unforeseen by Schrödinger. ""Schrödinger was ""concerned and disappointed"" that this ""transcendental, almost physical interpretation of the wave phenomena"" had become the ""almost universally accepted dogma."""" (D.S.B. XII, p. 221). His most famous and widely used attack on this interpretation was that of ""Schrödinger's Cat"". This paradox of the dead-and-alive cat vigorously illustrated the absurdity of quantum mechanics and what was necessary to describe the states within this system. The thought experiment of Schrödinger's cat turned out to be hugely influential, and has become a standard paradox within both physics and philosophy.
The Elimination of the Nodes in Quantum Mechanics. (+) Relativity Quantum Mechanics with an Application to Compton Scattering. (2 papers).
London, Roayl Society, 1926. Royal 8vo. Full cloth. Gilt lettering to spine. In: ""Proceedings of the Royal Society"". Series A, Vol. 111. V,753,LIII pp., textillustr. and plates. (Entire volume offered).
First appearance of these papers constituting Dirac's own theory of quantum mechanics.""Dirac wanted to establish an algebra for quantum variables, or, as he now termed them, q-numbers... He wanted his q-number algebra to be a general and purely mathematical theory that could then be applied to problem of physics. Although it soon turned out that q-number algebra was equivalent to matrix mechanics, in 1926 Dirac's theory was developed as an original alternative to both wave mechanics and matric mechanics. It was very much Dirac's own theory, and he stuck to it without paying much attention to what went on inmatrix mechanics... In the summer of 1926, Dirac published a new and very general version of q-number algebra, this timepresented as a purely mathematical theory. In this paper (offered here) he did not refer to physics at all... The work had little impact on the physics community but seems to have been appreciated by those who cultivated the mathematical aspects of quantum physics. Most of the results obtained by Dirac in his paper ""The Elimination of the Nodes in Quantum Mechanics"" had been found earlier by the German theorists using a method of matric mechanics, but Dirac was able to improve on some of the results and deduce them from his own system of quantum mechanics.""(Helge Kragh).
Über quantentheoretische Umdeutung kinematischer und mechanischer Beziehungen. - [BIRTH OF MODERN QUANTUM MECHANICS]
Berlin, Julius Springer, 1925. 8vo. Bound in full cloth with library label to lower part of spine and library stamps to front free end paper. In ""Zeitschrift für Physik, 33. Band, 1925"". Front boards very loose and spine almost detached. Internally fine and clean. [Heisenberg) Pp. 879-893. [Entire issue: VII, (1), 950 pp.].
First printing of Heiseberg's seminal and groundbreaking paper which laid the foundation for matrix mechanics and thereby giving birth to modern quantum mechanics"" a theory that states quantum mechanics should be based ""exclusively on relationship between quantities which in principle are observable"" (From the abstract). ""The alternative, which he [Heisenberg] chose in his historic paper [the present] and which led to the development of matrix machanics, the earliest formulation of modern quantum mechanics, abandoned Bohr's description of motion in terms of classical physics altogether and replaced it by a description in terms of what Heisenberg regarded as observable magnitudes"" (Jammer, The Conceptual Development of Quantum Mechanics, P. 197).""After nearly two weeks on Helgoland, Heisenberg returned to Göttingen, where he drafted his fundamental paper ""Über die quantentheoretische Umdeutung kinematischer und mechanischer Beziehungen,"" which he completed in July. In this paper Heisenberg proclaimed that the quantum mechanics of atoms should contain only relations between experimentally observable quantities. Theresulting formalism served as the starting point for the new quantum mechanics, based, as Heisenberg's multiplication rule implied, on the manipulation of ordered sets of data forming a mathematical matrix."" (DSB)Before Heisenberg's discovery the Bohr-Sommerfeld quantum theory was the leading theory. By the early 1920's most physicists agreed that the Bohr-Sommerfeld theory had problems and that there was a need to replace it with a new quantum theory. Heisenberg's main achievement was to replace the idea of orbital path with what could be observed, namely the light emitted and absorbed by the atoms. Because of the unfamiliar mathematics which Heisenberg's new theory used, several physicists had doubts about its consistency. But Max Born soon realized that the laws, which the theory relied on, were the same as the laws, which apply to matrix algebra. In 1925 Born and his student Pascual Jordan published ""Zur Quantenmechanik"" which reformulated Heisenbergs theory in terms of matrices, in the special case of one degree of freedom. With ""Zur Quantenmechanik II"" (or the ""Three Man Paper"") published 1926, Heisenberg, Born and Jordan described the new theory in the general case of arbitrarely many freedom degrees.
