‎Dantzig, Tobias‎
‎Number‎

‎The Chromosome Number in Man. Separat (=Offprint) ur Hereditas 42 (1956). - [ESTABLISHING THE NORMAL NUMBER OF CHROMOSOMES IN MAN - FOUNDING CYTOGENETICS]‎

‎Lund, 1956. 4to. Minor signs of wear. A fine copy, With signature of ""Joh. Holtfreter"" to top of p. (1). 6 pp. + 1 plate.‎

‎First printing, in the very rare off-print - Johannes Holtfreter's copy -, of the revolutionary paper that established for the first time the correct number of chromosomes in man, thus founding modern human cytogenetics. The present paper constitutes the most important breakthrough in genetics since Mendel. ""The finding that the normal human diploid chromosome number was 46, rather than 48 as had been assumed for many years previously, represents the starting point of modern human cytogenetics, with great importance for future clinical applications in the detection of both constitutional chromosome abnormalities and somatic abnormalities such as those seen in cancers. This discovery, made 50 years ago at the Institute of Genetics of the University of Lund, Sweden, in December 1955 and published early in 1956 in the journal ""Hereditas"" (Tjio and Levan 1956), is now of historical as well as scientific importance."" (Harper). ""After 50 years, the paper of Tjio and Levan can be clearly seen as one of the major landmarks of human genetics, opening up the field of human chromosomes and of medical genetics generlly to detailed analysis, as well as fulfilling its original aim of providing a normal reference point for studies of chromosomes in cancer."" (Harper).The rediscovery of Mendel's law at the end of the 19th century triggered intense interest in the principles of heredity"" ever since that time, chromosome behavior had been studied scientifically, but although a great deal of scientific interest was directed towards learning more about chromosomes themselves, it wasn't until Joe Hin Tjio and Albert Levan's epochal discovery that the correct human chromosome count was established. For half a century it had been accepted that humans normally have 48 chromosomes - only due to Tjio and Levan were we to know that the chromosome number of man is actually 46. ""Difficulties in determining the human diploid number arose for a variety of reasons. For one, early experiments that provided evidence for the chromosome theory often used invertebrate species that reproduced in large numbers and had a relatively low number of well-defined chromosomes. Neither of these characteristics, of course, is a common finding in humans. In addition, the human samples initially used for chromosome analysis were derived from fresh testicular tissue in which haploid meiotic cells were often present. Furthermore, what morphology could be deduced suggested that human chromosomes were more complex than those of the model organisms studied earlier. In light of these and other factors, an erroneous estimate by prominent cytologist Theophilus Painter dominated the field for decades, until researchers Joe Hin Tjio and Albert Levan eventually applied new technology to identify the true diploid number of human chromosomes."" (O'Connor). As Painter's estimate of 48 chromosomes had been generally accepted from studies over the previous 30 years, study of normal human chromosomes was not an active research field in the mid-1950's. Albert Levan - one of the key figures in cancer cytogenetics -, however, extensively studied the chromosomes of human cancers and realized that it was necessary to be certain of the normal human karyotype. Likewise, Joe Hin Tjio - who then was primarily involved in plant cytogenetics - realized the importance and necessity in establishing the correct number. ""In the decades following Painter's work, scientists continued to refine their methods for preparing chromosomes for microscopy. Sectioning of paraffin-embedded preserved tissue was gradually replaced by squash techniques, in which small tissue specimens are placed on a microscope slide and then literally squashed under a cover slip to produce a single layer of cells. This approach gained broad acceptance as it eliminated any need to slice through tissues and reconstruct the organization of chromosomes in a single nucleus from several different sections. Chromosome preparations were also dramatically improved by combining treatment with a hypotonic salt solution (described by T. C. Hsu in 1952) and cell fixation. This combination of treatments enhanced chromosome spreading without deterioration or fragmentation, thereby facilitating better chromosome counts. In fact, in 1956, these techniques enabled researchers Joe Hin Tjio and Albert Levan to make a more accurate estimate of the human chromosome number.When their classic paper was published in 1956, Tjio and Levan had already been collaborating for several years. Albert Levan was a well-established cytologist who had pioneered the use of colchicine for analyzing chromosomes. Colchicine is a plant-derived toxin that arrests cells in metaphase, the point in the cell cycle at which chromosomes are most condensed. Colchicine is toxic to animals, but Levan and others found that colchicine allowed investigators to work with cells grown in tissue culture. Capturing cells at a specific state of mitosis when the chromosomes are condensed and easily tracked improved the reliability of their observations... Tjio and Levan used spreads such as these in their research, eventually reporting summary data from 261 unique chromosome spreads obtained from 22 different cell cultures of fetal lung tissue. All of the cultures were used within a few days after the tissue was obtained, thus minimizing the possibility of long-term culture-induced artifacts of chromosome number. The results were both clear and replicable. In the words of Tjio and Levan, ""We were surprised to find that the chromosome number 46 predominated in the tissue cultures from all four embryos, [with] only single cases deviating from this number."" Appreciating the fact that these in vitro data may not have been representative of cells in the body (i.e., in vivo data), Tjio and Levan also highlighted the importance of finding the same chromosome number in spermatogenic cells from testicular samples. Within a year, Ford and Hamerton (1956) did just that, providing confirmatory data by reporting the diploid chromosome number in human testicular cells to be 46."" (O'Connor). The revolutionary finding of Tjio and Levan was submitted to the Swedish journal ""Hereditas"" (which was published for the Mendelian Society of Lund) on January 26, 1956, only a month and four days after the discovery, and appeared in the April issue. ""The clarity and unambiguous nature of the published results in the ""Hereditas"" paper meant that the predominant reaction internationally was surprise rather than dispute"" confirmation rapidly came from other workers, while workers who had previously supported the number of 48 soon admitted that they had been wrong. Additional publicity was given in the form of a display by Tjio at the 1956 International Genetics Congress in Copenhagen. Debate rapidly turned to the question of how it was that repeated studies done over the previous 30 years had found 48, not 46 chromosomes. This is an important general issue for science..."" (Harper). ""Joe Hin Tjio (born Nov. 2, 1919, Java, Indon.-died Nov. 27, 2001, Gaithersburg, Md.), Indonesian-born American geneticist who dispelled a 50-year-held belief that the number of chromosomes in the human cell was 48 when he established that the majority of human cells contain 46 chromosomes, arranged in 23 pairs. While working in 1955 at the Institute of Genetics in Lund, Swed., Tjio used a newly discovered technique to separate chromosomes from the nucleus of a cell"" he helped establish modern cytogenetics-the study of the relationship between the structure and activities of chromosomes and the mechanisms of heredity-as a major branch of genetics. His work led to the discovery in 1959 that those people afflicted with Down syndrome have an additional chromosome in their cells."" (Encycl. Britt.). JOHANNES HOLTFRETER was the world's foremost experimental embryologist in the decades between 1930 and 1960. He initiated and contributed substantially to many lines of experimentation (that are still ongoing) in the analysis of the embryonic ""organizer"" (a part of the embryo essential for the development of the proper body plan) and embryonic induction. Through his research on amphibian embryos, Holtfreter made many significant discoveries in the field of developmental biology and is considered one of the most significant embryologists of the 20th century. See:Peter S. Harper: The Discovery of the Human Chromosome Number in Lund"" in: Hum. Genet. 119, 2006: pp.226-232.Clare O'Connor: Human Chromosome Number. In: Nature Education. 1(1):43. 2008. Garrison&Morton: 256.2 (""Proof that the normal chromosome number in man is 46"").‎

‎African Music. Journal of the African Music Society. Journal de la Société de Musique Africaine. volume 1, number 1 (1954), number 2 (1955), number 3 (1956), number 4 (1957) ; volume 2 number 1 (1958), number 2 (1959)‎

‎Roodepoort (South Africa): African Music Society, 1954-1959 6 volumes in-8, broché, qq. rousseurs autrement bon état. Tête de collection de cette revue d'ethnomusicologie.‎

‎African Music. Journal of the African Music Society. Journal de la Société de Musique Africaine. volume 1, number 1 (1954), number 2 (1955), number 3 (1956), number 4 (1957) ; volume 2 number 1 (1958), number 2 (1959) (Roodepoort (South Africa): African Music Society, 1954-1959). [M.C.: revue, Afrique noire, ethnomusicologie]‎

‎Album Souvenir des Funérailles du Roi Edouard VII. Recueil de Journaux et Documents - Souvenir Album of the Funeral of King Edward VII. Collection of Newspapers and Documents : The Daily Mirror. N°2048 20 May 1910 : The Kaiser arrives - Evening Standard and St James Gazette n°26794 May 19, 1910 : Kaiser's arrival ; Official Programme of the Funeral Procession of his late Majesty King Edward VII, Friday May 20th 1910 ; ; The Sketch Double number May 11 1910. The Death of King Edward VII ; The Graphic Specla Number 2110A May 11, 1910, The Life of King Edward VII ; The Graphic. An illustrated weekly newspaper. Saturday May 14, 1910. King George V driving to St James's Palace to hold his first council ; The Sphere, n° 538, May 14, 1910 : Edward VII 1841-1910 ; The Illustrated London News double number. May 14, 1910, n° 3708 ; The Graphic. An illustrated weekly newspaper. n° 2112 Saturday May 21, 1910 : King Adward last sleep at Buckingham Palace ; Black & Whit May 21st 1910. A Nation in Mourning. In Memoriam ; The Graphic 2112A May 24 1910. Funeral of Edward VII ; The Sphere. n° 540 May 28, 1910 : Funeral Number. Edward the Peacemaker ‎

‎1 vol. in folio reliure pleine toile grise, format 42 x 33 cm, blason collé au premier plat avec devise "Dieu et mon droit", Album Souvenir des Funérailles du Roi Edouard VII. Recueil de Journaux et Documents - Souvenir Album of the Funeral of King Edward VII. Collection of Newspapers and Documents : The Daily Mirror. N°2048 20 May 1910, 16 pp. : The Kaiser arrives - Evening Standard and St James Gazette n°26794 May 19, 1910 : Kaiser's arrival, 20 pp. ; Official Programme of the Funeral Procession of his late Majesty King Edward VII, Friday May 20th 1910, 4 ff. ; ; The Sketch Double number May 11 1910. The Death of King Edward VII ; The Graphic Specla Number 2110A May 11, 1910, The Life of King Edward VII ; The Graphic. An illustrated weekly newspaper. Saturday May 14, 1910. King George V driving to St James's Palce to hold his first council ; The Sphere, n° 538, May 14, 1910 : Edward VII 1841-1910 ; The Illustrated London News double number. May 14, 1910, n° 3708 ; The Graphic. An illustrated weekly newspaper. n° 2112 Saturday May 21, 1910 : King Adward last sleep at Buckingham Palace ; Black & Whit May 21st 1910. A Nation in Mourning. In Memoriam ; The Graphic 2112A May 24 1910. Funeral of Edward VII ; The Sphere. n° 540 May 28, 1910 : Funeral Number. Edward the Peacemaker ‎

‎Bel album souvenir, recueillant de nombreux journaux et magazines de l'époque, et provenant de la bibliothèque d'Ernesta Stern (1854-1926) alias "Maria Star", écrivain fameuse pour son salon du Faubourg Saint-Honoré où elle accueillit notamment Marinetti ou Marcel Proust. Née Maria Ernesta Hierschel de Minerbi, elle épousa le banquier Louis Stern. Beautiful souvenir album, collecting many newspapers and magazines of the time, and coming from the library of Ernesta Stern (1854-1926) alias "Maria Star", famous writer for her salon in Faubourg Saint-Honoré where she notably welcomed Marinetti or Marcel Proust. Born Maria Ernesta Hierschel de Minerbi, she married the banker Louis Stern.‎

‎Photographische Fixierung der durch Projectile in der luft eingeleiteten Vorgänge. [In: Sitzungsberichte der kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften. Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Classe, 95. Band, IV und V. Heft. Jahrgang 1887 April und Mai. Z... - [THE MACH NUMBER]‎

‎Wien, 1887. 8vo. The entire volume. Uncut and unopened in the orig. printed yellow wrappers, some soiling. Lacks upper part of spine, otherwise no tears, creases or lacks. Pp. 764-780 + one plate. [Entire volume: VIII, (2) pp., pp. 761-1120 + 3 plates, two of which are folded].‎

‎First edition of the seminal paper, in which Mach laid the basis for the principles of supersonics, determined the ""sonic boom"", demonstrated an object's speed relative to the speed of sound, now called the ""Mach number"" of an object, and presented the first photograph of a shock wave in front of an object moving at supersonic speed.""Between 1873 and 1893 Mach and various collaborators, including his son Ludwig, devised and perfected optical and photographic techniques to study sound waves and the wave propulsion and gas dynamics of projectiles, meteorites, explosions, and gas jets. Stimulated by the remarks of the Belgian artillerist Henri Melsens, in 1881 Mach undertook to study the flight of projectiles by means of photographic techniques that he had already devised for other experiments in his Prague laboratory. His celebrated 1887 paper on supersonics was published jointly with P. Salcher of the Marine Academy of Fiume (now Rijeka, Yougoslavia) in the ""Sitzungsberichte"" of the Academy of Sciences of Vienna. The experiments described in this classic paper were carried out in Fiume with the support of the Austrian Royal Navy."" (D.S.B., VIII: 597). In this highly influential paper, Mach demonstrates, with the aid of his photograph of a bullet in flight and the shock wave produced by the gas around the tip of it (the first such picture in history), that the angle which the shock wave makes with the direction of its motion is related to the speed of sound and to the speed of the projectile. This angle is called the Mach angle (coined by Ludwig Prandtl in 1907). This discovery turned out to be of ground-breaking character, and in 1929 J. Ackeret suggested to use the term ""Mach number"" for the value of the ratio of the speed of an object to the speed of sound, recognizing the profound effect that this discovery had on aerodynamics for high-speed projectile studies. ""The Mach number was introduced into the literature in English by the late 1930's and since the end of World War II has taken on considerable importance in theoretical and fluid dynamics."" (D.S.B., VIII: 597). Unlike most other units of measure, the number in this case comes after the name of the unit, making the second Mach number not ""2 Mach"", but ""Mach 2"". The ""Mach 2"" thus indicates a velocity of twice the speed of sound. Mach here also determines the effect of an object that travels past the speed of sound, namely the ""sonic boom"". ""By 1885 Mach had worked out the details of supersonic motion, along the way developing high-speed photographic techniques. Most importantly for engineers, Mach Number is the ratio of the speed of sound in the given medium to the speed of the projectile"" his work is essential to modern aerodynamics, and through it the word 'Mach' has bizarrely entered into popular culture as an icon for razors, sound systems, fighter pilots, and high speed fuels."" (Stanford Encyclopaedia of Philosophy).The Austrian physicist and philosopher Ernst Mach was highly influential among his contemporaries and is famous for the impact he had on the Vienna Circle. Though his main contribution to physics lies in his seminal description and photographs of the shock waves and his descriptions of how passing the speed of sound compressed air in front of projectiles, his more general contributions to philosophy and science were also immense. He was an early devotee of an extreme form of positivism, and his passionate ways of expounding his theories and his success as a polemicist and popularizer influenced an entire generation of scientists towards a profound skepticism that even extended into the use of abstract mathematics as an element of physical theories. He was highly critical of physical science and tried to free it from all elements that were not verifiable by sensory experience. ""Ernst Mach (18 Februrary, 1838 - 19 February, 1916), made major contributions to, physics, philosophy, and physiological psychology. In physics, the speed of sound bears his name, as he was the first to systematically study super-sonic motion. He also made important contributions to understanding the Doppler effect. His critique of Newtonian ideas of absolute space and time were an inspiration to the young Einstein, who credited Mach as being the philosophical forerunner of relativity theory. His systematic skepticism of the old physics was similarly important to a generation of young German physicists."" (Stanford Encyclopaedia of Philosophy).‎

‎Six Duos concertants pour deux violons composée (sic) par Fodor, opera (12) (number in handwriting) . Prix 7.10f. (price in handwriting).‎

‎"5. Paris, chez Sieber Musicien rue honore entre la rue des Vieilles Etuve et D'orleans N°85. , s.d. (ca. 1785), in-folio, 31,5 x 24,5 cm, the two parts ; violino primo , engraved title + 25 pp of engraved music ; violino secondo , engraved title + 25 pp of engraved music. The opus number on the first title is in handwriting (-number - 12). On the title of the second part no number has been filled out. No plate number . Each part sewn and without a wrapper (disbound, removed from a convolute). With the contemporary ex-libris in handwriting of Philippe Tillier . Not in Lesure, Musique imprimée avant 1800 dans les Bibliothèques publiques de Paris.."‎