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Radioaktive umwandlungen -- FIRST GERMAN EDITION
Braunschweig, Vieweg, 1907, un volume in 8 relié en pleine toile beige, couverture conservée, 7pp., (1pp.), 285pp.
---- FIRST GERMAN EDITION published in the series "Wissenschaft" N° 21 ---- This edition CONTAINS ADDITIONAL MATERIAL BY RUTHERFORD HIMSELF TO UPDATE HIS FAMOUS BOOK ---- This book contains the subject matter of eleven lectures delivered under the Silliman Foundation at Yale University, March 1905 ---- "In work that may be characterized as radioactivity at McGill, atomicphysics at Manchester and nuclear physics at Cambridge, Rutherford more than any other formed the views now held concerning the nature of matter. It is to be expected that numerous honors would come to such a man, called the greatest experimental physicist of his day and often compared with Faraday. In 1922, he received the Copley Medal, the highest award given by the Royal Society...". (DSB XII p. 34) ---- Rutherford found that the rays emitted by uranium were of two kinds, one stopped by thin sheets of aluminium, which he called x-rays, and the other requiring much thicker sheets of aluminium, which he called Betta rays". (Partington IV p. 939)**4615/M7AR
Übertragung erregter Radioaktivität.
[Leipzig, Hirzel, 1902]. Royal8vo, [275 x 195 mm]. Without wrappers, as issued. Offprint from ""Physikalische Zeitschrift"", 3. Jahrgang, No. 10. Pp. 210-214. With ""Ueberreicht vom Verfasser"" printed in top right corner of first leaf. Small blue gummed labels (from the library of Becquerel) pasted to top of first leaf. First leaf with brownspotting in inner margin. Traces after having been folded hjorizontally, otherwise fine.
Rare offprint, given by the author to Henri Becquerel, of Rutherford's important paper on the transferal of excited radioactivity. British-New Zealand chemist and physicist, Ernest Rutherford, became known as the father of nuclear physics. He discovered the concept of radioactive half life, proved that radioactivity involved the transmutation of one chemical element to another, and also differentiated and named alpha and beta radiation.Rutherford was awarded the Nobel Prize in physics in 1908 for ""for his investigations into the disintegration of the elements, and the chemistry of radioactive substances"". Becquerel was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1903 for ""in recognition of the extraordinary services he has rendered by his discovery of spontaneous radioactivity"".
Collision of alpha Particles with Light Atoms. (4 Parts). I. Hydrogen. II. Velocity of the Hydrogen Atom. III. Nitrogen and Oxygen Atoms. IV. An Anomalous Effect in Nitrogen. - [SPLITTING THE ATOM - PMM 411]
[London, Taylor and Francis, 1919] 8vo . In recent half cloth with cloth title-label with gilt lettering to front board. Extracted from ""The London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science"" Sixth Series. A fine and clean copy. [Rutherford's paper:] pp. 537-587. [Withbound:] Pp. 537-616.
First appearance of this seminal paper which contains Rutherford's discovery of artificial transmutation. He here discovered, that the atomic nucleus (discovered by him in 1911) itself had a structure, when, by bombarding nitrogen with alpha particles, he produced THE FIRST ARTIFICIAL TRANSFORMATION OF AN ELEMENT INTO ANOTHER, and what was left after the bombardment had to be those of oxygen atoms. - Thus thus began the age of nuclear physics.""Rutherford was .. the first man ever to change one element into another as a result of the manipulations of his own hands. He had achieved the dream of the alchemists. He had also demonstrated the first man-made ""nuclear reaction"". By 1924 Rutherford had managed to knock protons out of the nuclei of most of the lighter elements."" (Asimov).""A few years before, Marsden had noticed scintillations on a screen placed far beyond the range of alpha particles when these particles were allowed to bombard hydrogen. Rutherford repeated the experiment and showed that the scintillations were caused by hydrogen nuclei or protons. This was easily understood, but when he substituted nitrogen for the hydrogen, he saw the same proton flashes. The explanation he gave in 1919 stands beside the transformation theory of radioactivity and the nuclear atom as one of Rutherford’s most important discoveries. This, he said, was a case of artificial disintegration of an element. Unstable, or radioactive, atoms disintegrated spontaneously"" but here a stable nucleus was disrupted by the alpha particle, and a proton was one of the pieces broken off."" (DSB).PMM 411.
The Scattering of alpha and beta Particles by Matter and the Structure of the Atom. - [THE DISCOVERY OF THE ATOMIC NUCLEUS - THE RUTHERFORD ATOMIC MODEL.]
(London, Taylor and Francis, 1911). 8vo . In recent half cloth with cloth title-label with gilt lettering to front board. Extracted from ""The London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science"" Sixth Series, Vol. XXI. A fine and clean copy. [Rutherford's paper:] pp. 669-688. [Withbound:] Pp. 585-696.
First appearance of one of the most influential papers in physics in the 20th Century, describing the discovery of the ATOMIC NUCLEUS, and suggesting that the atom consists of a small central nucleus surrounded by electrons. This view of the atom is the one accepted today, and it replaced the concept of the featureless, indivisible spheres of Democritus, which dominated atomistic thinking for twenty-three centuries. Rutherford's 'nuclear atom' was a few years later by Niels Bohr, combined with the quantum theory of light to form the basis of his famous theory of the hydrogen atom.Hans Geiger (Rutherford's assistant in his work on alpha particles) tells ""One day (Rutherford) came into my room, obviously in the best of moods, and told me that now he knew what the atom looked like and what the strong scatterings signified."" - On 7 March 1911, Rutherford presented his principal results to the Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society. The definitive paper came out in the May issue of ""Philosophical Magazine"" (the paper offered here).""After the first five or sic years of intense activity following the discovery of radioactivity, there was a brief lull untill 1911, when a new series of fundamental discoveries was made. These began with the discoveries of the nucleus and of artificial atomic transmutations by Rutherford. By 1811 it was known that electrons entered into the constitution of atoms, and Barkla had shown that each atom has approximately A/2 electrons (where A is the atomis weight). J.J.Thomson had conceived of a model of an atom according to which the electrons were distributed inside a positively charged sphere. To verify this hypothesis, Rutherford had the idea of bombarding matter using alpha-radiation of radioactive bodies and measuring the angles through which the rays were deflected as they passsed through matter. For the Thomson model of the atom the deflections should rarely be more than 1 or 2 degrees.However, Rutherford's experiments showed that deflections of more than 90 degrees could occur, particularly with heavy nuclei.""(Taton (Edt.) Science in the Twentieth Century, p. 210).
"RUTHERFORD, E. (ERNEST) and T. ROYDS. - THE FINAL PROOF OF THE NATURE OF ALPHA-PARTICLES.
Reference : 46953
(1909)
The Nature of the alpha Particle.
Manchester, 1909. 8vo. Contemp. full cloth. Orig. printed paper label on spine (a bit chipped). In: ""Memoirs and Proceedings of the Manchester Literary & Phlosophical Society. (Manchester Memoirs.). Volume LIII. (1908-09). Entire volume offered. The volume contains 24 papers, all with seperate pagination. Rutherford's paper: pp. 1-3.
First printing of the paper which Rutherford and Royds gave the final proof that the alpha particle are atoms of helium. The present paper was read on November 3rd 1908 and published on the 19th. It was reprinted in Philosophical Magazine and that paper is dated November 13, 1908 and published February 1909.""After nearly a decade of labor, Rutherford was finally prepared to state... what the alpha particle really was ""We may conclude that an alpha-particle is a helium atom, or, to be more precise, the alpha-particle, after it has lost its positive charge, is a helium atom"". In a paper together with Royds, completed in November 1908, he was even more emphatic: ""We can conclude with certainty... that the alpha-particle is a helium atom... They had shown that a discharge sent through a volume in which alpha-particles from radium had been collected produced the characteristic helium spectrum !""(Pais ""Inward Bound"", p. 61).""Rutherford’s early conviction that the alpha particle was a doubly charged helium atom, but he had not succeeded in proving that belief. In 1908 he and Geiger were able to fire alpha particles into an evacuated tube containing a central, charged wire and to record single events. Ionization by collision, a process studied by Rutherford’s former colleague at Cambridge, J. S. E. Townsend, caused a magnification of the single particle’s charge sufficient to give the electrometer a measurable ""kick."" By this means they were able to count, for the first time accurately and directly, the number of alpha particles emitted per second from a gram of radium.This experiment enabled Rutherford and Geiger to confirm that every alpha particle causes a faint but discrete flash when it strikes a luminescent zinc sulfide screen, and thus led directly to the widespread method of scintillation counting. It was also the origin of the electrical and electronic methods of particle counting in which Geiger later pioneered. But at this time the scintillation technique, now proved reliable, was more convenient. This counting work also led Rutherford and Geiger to the most accurate value of the fundamental electric charge e before Millikan performed his oil-drop experiment. They measured the total charge from a radium source and divided it by the number of alphas counted to obtain the charge per particle. Since this figure was about twice the previous values of e. they concluded that the alpha was indeed helium with a double charge. But Rutherford still desired decisive, direct proof"" and here his skilled glassblower came to his aid. Otto Baumbach in 1908 was able to construct glass tubes thin enough to be transparent to the rapidly moving alpha particles yet capable of containing a gas. Such a tube was filled with emanation and was placed within a larger tube made of thicker glass. In time, alpha particles from the decaying emanation penetrated into and were trapped in the space between inner and outer tubes: and when ROYDS SPARKED THE MATERIAL IN THIS SPACE, THEY SAW THE SPECTRUM OF HELIUM."" (DSB).The volume contains 2 other importent papers by Rutherford 1. ""Some Properties of the Radium Emanations"" (issued Nov. 19th, 1908) and 2. together withY. Tuomikoski ""Differences in the Decay of the Radium Emanations"" (issued April 7th, 1909).
The Cause and Nature of Radioactivity I (+) The Cause and Nature of Radioactivity II. - [THEORY OF RADIOACTIVITY]
London, Taylor and Francis, 1902. 8vo. Bound in contemporary half calf with marbled boards and gilt lettering to spine. Two title labels in red and black with gilt lettering to spine and five rasied bands with gilt ornamentation. In ""Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science"", Sixth Series, Vol. 4, 1902. Front hinge cracked, frontboard almost detached.L Library label pasted on to pasted down front free end-paper and library stamp to verso of title page. A very fine and clean copy. Pp. 370-96"" Pp. 569-585. [Entire volume: (8), 732 pp. + 6 plates.
First printing of Rutherford and Soddy's seminal paper on the nature of radioactivity, ""the revolutionary theory that radio-activity is a by-product of the transmutation of one form of matter into another."" (PMM 411). The theory ""provided the break with the past that was clearly needed [...] In this great theory of radioactivity which these young men sprung on the learned, timid, rather unbelieving, and, as yet, unquantized world of physics of 1902 and 1903, they unabashedly but forward the idea that some atomic species are subject to spontaneous transmutation."" (PAIS, Inward Bound).They both were awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics for their work within radioactivity. Rutherford and Soddy introduced the expression ""atomic energy"" in this paper, ""not just for the energy released by a radioactive element, but much more generally for the energy locked in any atom"" (Brown et al., Twentieth Century Physics, I, p. 63).""By this time Rutherford had recognized the need for skilled chemical assistance in his radioactivity investigations and had secured the services of a young chemistry demonstrator at McGill, Frederick Soddy. Together they removed most of the activity from a thorium compound, calling the active matter thorium X"" but they too found that the X product lost its activity and that the thorium recovered its original level in a few weeks. Had Becquerel's similar finding for uranium not been immediately at hand, they might have searched for errors in their work. In early 1902, however, they began to plot the activities as a function of time, seeing evidence of a fundamental relationship in the equality of the time for thorium X to decay to half value and thorium to double in activity.This work led directly to Rutherford's greatest achievement at McGill, for with Soddy he advanced the still-accepted explanation of radioactivity. Their iconoclastic theory, variously called transformation, transmutation, and disintegration, first appeared in 1902 and was refined in the following year. Although alchemy had long been exorcised from scientific chemistry, they declared that ""radioactivity is at once an atomic phenomenon and the accompaniment of a chemical change in which new kinds of matter are produced."" The radioactive atoms decay, they argued, each decay signifying the transmutation of a parent into a daughter element, and each type of atom undergoing its transformation in a characteristic period. This insight set the course for their next several years of research, for the task was then to order all the known radioelements into decay series and to search for additional members of these families."" (DSB)The volume contains several other important papers by contemporary phycicians.
"RUTHERFORD, E. (ERNEST). - PREDICTIING A NEW CONSTITUENT OF THE NUCLEUS, THE NEUTRON.
Reference : 47243
(1920)
Nuclear Constitution of Atoms. (Bakerian Lecture).
London, The Royal Society, 1920. Royal8vo. Contemp. full cloth. Gilt lettering to spine. A small faint stamp on verso of titlepage and a few other leaves (in lower margins).In: ""Proceeding of the Royal Society of London"", Series A, Vol. 97. XVIII,470,XXI pp., textillustr. a. 2 plates. Rutherford's paper: pp. 374-400. Clean and fine.
First apperance of this famous lecture in which Rutherford predicted the existence of a new constituent of the atomic nucleus and its likely properties. In the lecture Rutherford suggested that ""it may be possible for an electron to combine much more closely with the H-nucleus (than is the case in the ordinary hydrogen atom)... It is the ontentionof the writer to test (this idea)... The existence of such atoms seems almost necessary to explain the building up of heavy elements.""Rutherford's collegue Chadwick made several attempts to detect the neutral particle but none was successful until he learned of experiments by the Joliot-Curies in Paris, in which, they said, extremely penetrating gamma rays were emitted. As he suspected, Chadwick found the rays were not gammas but neutrons: and not long afterward Norman Feather, also at the Cavendish, showed that neutrons were capable of causing nuclear disintegrations. Chadwick gave proof of its existence in 1932.
"RUTHERFORD, E. (ERNEST). - THE ALCHEMIST'S DREAM FULFILLED, THE CHANGE OF ONE ELEMENT INTO ANOTHER.
Reference : 46915
(1919)
Collision of alpha Particles with Light Atoms. (4 Parts). I. Hydrogen. II. Velocity of the Hydrogen Atom. III. Nitrogen and Oxygen Atoms. IV. An Anomalous Effect in Nitrogen. - [SPLITTING THE ATOM PMM 411.]
London, Taylor and Francis, 1919. Recent full cloth. Titlelabel in leather on spine with gilt lettering. In: ""The London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science"" Sixth Series, Vol. XXXVII. Pp. VIII,616 pp. a. 6 plates. A stamp to top of p. 537. Rutherford's paper: pp. 537-587.
First appearance of this seminal paper which contains Rutherford's discovery of artificial transmutation. He here discovered, that the atomic nucleus (discovered by him in 1911) itself had a structure, when, by bombarding nitrogen with alpha particles, he produced THE FIRST ARTIFICIAL TRANSFORMATION OF AN ELEMENT INTO ANOTHER, and what was left after the bombardment had to be those of oxygen atoms. - Thus thus began the age of nuclear physics.""Rutherford was .. the first man ever to change one element into another as a result of the manipulations of his own hands. He had achieved the dream of the alchemists. He had also demonstrated the first man-made ""nuclear reaction"". By 1924 Rutherford had managed to knock protons out of the nuclei of most of the lighter elements."" (Asimov).""A few years before, Marsden had noticed scintillations on a screen placed far beyond the range of alpha particles when these particles were allowed to bombard hydrogen. Rutherford repeated the experiment and showed that the scintillations were caused by hydrogen nuclei or protons. This was easily understood, but when he substituted nitrogen for the hydrogen, he saw the same proton flashes. The explanation he gave in 1919 stands beside the transformation theory of radioactivity and the nuclear atom as one of Rutherford’s most important discoveries. This, he said, was a case of artificial disintegration of an element. Unstable, or radioactive, atoms disintegrated spontaneously"" but here a stable nucleus was disrupted by the alpha particle, and a proton was one of the pieces broken off."" (DSB).PMM: 411.
"RUTHERFORD, E. (ERNEST). - THE SATURNIAN MODEL OF THE ATOM.
Reference : 45087
(1904)
Zur Kenntnis der Atomenergie, eine Beziehung zwischen kinetischer Theorie und Radioaktivität.
(Leipzig, S. Hirzel), 1904. Without wrappers. In: ""Jahrbuch der Radioaktivität und Elektronik"", 1. Bd., heft 2. Pp. 103-214 (entire issue offered). Rutherford's paper: pp. 103-127
First appearance of the paper in which Rutherford set forth his early - before 1911-model - model of the atom, the so-calles Saturnian Model. Rutherford pictured here the radioactive atom as a giant whirligig of electrons and alpha-particles, whose stability is somewhat disturbed, perhaps as a result uncompensated radiation losses, precipitating the expulsion of some of its constituents with the tremendous speeds they possessed befiore the explosion.
Collision of alpha Particles with Light Atoms. I: Hydrogen II: Velocity of the Hydrogen Atom III: Nitrogen and Oxygen Atoms IV: An Anomalous Effect in Nitrogen. [Complete set]. - [PMM 411 - SPLITTING THE ATOM]
London, Francis and Taylor, 1919. 8to. (210x130mm). Pages 537-87 of volume 37 of 'The London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical Magazine, and Journal of Science'. Bound together (with title page and contents) in recent attractive marbled boards (Hanne Jensen). Leather title with gilt lettering on front board. A fine and clean copy.
First printing of the first announcement of artificial transmutation and the discovery of the proton. By bombarding Nitrogen atoms with alpha particles Rutherford produced Hydrogen nucleus and Oxygen 17 - the first man made nuclear reaction. PMM 411, Norman 1873.
Radio-Activity. - [""THE FIRST TEXTBOOK ON RADIOACTIVITY""]
Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1904. 8vo. In the original green full coth with gilt lettering to spine and boards. Capitals with slight wear, and inner front hinge a bit weak, otherwise a very nice and fresh copy. Small stamp to title-page. VIII, (2), 399 pp.
![Radio-Activity. - [""THE FIRST TEXTBOOK ON RADIOACTIVITY""]. "RUTHERFORD, ERNEST](https://static.livre-rare-book.com/pictures/LLX/51063_1_thumb.jpg)
First edition of Rutherford's important work containing his ""proposal of a new theory of atomic disintegration and of the nuclear nature of the atom"", (Horblit 91) being ""the first textbook on the subject and recognized as a classic at its publication in 1904"" (DSB).""The first textbook on radioactivity, surveying contemporary knowledge of the entire field. Reasearch progressed so rapidly in this erea that the second edition, published only a year later, had to be enlarged by fifity percent. The book includes a discussion of Rutherford's revolutionary transformation theory, developed during the period 1902-1903, which states that radioactivity is a by-product of the transmutation of one element into another."" (Norman).""After the discovery of thorium emanations in 1900 new concepts of atomic structure followed from the brilliant experiments of Rutherford. A new theory of atomic disintegration was proposed, then the nuclear nature of the atom. ""(Dibner ""Heralds of Science"", No 51) Horblit 91Barchas 1840.Dibner 51.
Scattering of alpha Particles by Gases (In collaboration with J.M. Nuttall). (+) The Analysis of the beta Rays from Radium B and Radium C. (In collaboration with H. Robinson). 2 Papers.
London, 1913. Without wrappers, but stitched. In ""Philosophical Magazine and Journalof Science"", Vol. 26, No. 154. Oct. 1913. Pp. 549-800 and 2 plates (the whole issue No. 154). Rutherford's papers: pp. 702-712 a. pp. 717-729 and 1 folded plate.
Both papers first editions. Basic works on the spectra of alfa and beta particles constituting an experimental proof of Rutherford's atomic nucleus theory.In this issue is also found importent papers by J.J. Thomson: On the Structure of the atom.. Pp. 792-799 and Rayleigh: On the Motion of a Viscous Fluid. Pp. 776-86.
Über die Kernstruktur der Atome. Baker-Vorlesung. (Erschienen in den Proceedings of the Royal Society, A., 97). Autorisierte Übersetzung von Else Norst.
Leipzig, S. Hirzel, 1921. Cont. hcalf. Titlelabel gilt on back. Small stamp on title. (4),35 pp.
First German edition and the first edition in book-form, as this Bakerian lecture was published in the Proceedings 1920. In this work Rutherford not only considered the neutron as a possibility, but he furthermore predicted its likely properties (""the idea of the possible existence of an atom of mass one, which has a zero nuclear charge"").
"RUTHERFORD, ERNEST. - THE NATURE OF X-RAYS FINALLY SETTLED.
Reference : 41565
(1914)
The Wave-lenght of the soft gamma Rays from Radium B (In collaboration with E.N. da C. Andrade).
London, 1914. Without wrappers, but stitched. In ""Philosophical Magazine and Journalof Science"", Vol. 27, No. 161. May 1914. Pp. 757-916 a. 6 plates.(= the whole issue No 161). Rutherford's paper: pp. 854-860 a. 1 plate.
First edition, finally establishing the nature of Röntgen's X-Rays.In 1900 ""Villardhad discovered gamma gamma-rays. He noted at once that these rays are not deflected by magnetic fields. Two years later Rutherford suggested that gamma-rays might be very hard form of beta-rays. This view became less and less tenable...(and) slowly the evidence grew that gamma-rays and X-rays were akin, but a lately as 1912 Rutherford still wrote with a touch of caution: ""There is at present nodefinite evidence to belive that X-rays and gamma-rays are funamentally different kindsof radiation"". he matter was finally settled fourteent years after the first observatiob of gamma-radioactivity, when Rutherford and Andrade observed reflexion of gamma-rays from crystal force (in the paper offered here)."" (Pais. Inward Bound p. 62.).The issue contains further importent papers in first editions. W.H. BRAGG. The Intensity of Reflexion of X Rays by Crystals. Pp. 881-99. This is an account of his famous work on X-ray spectroscopy.E. MARSDEN: The Passage of alpha Particles through Hydrogen. Pp. 824-830. Here he discovered that when alpha-particles were projected into hydrogen, so that the heavy projectiles struck lighter atoms, a few of the hydrogen atoms were driven forward far beyond the range of the alpha particles.J.J.THOMSON: The Forces between Atoms and Chemical Affinity. Pp. 757-789.
"RUTHERFORD, ERNST. - THE MAGNETIC DETECTOR INVENTED - WIRELESS TELEGRAPHY MADE POSSIBLE.
Reference : 42381
(1897)
The Magnetic Detector of Electrical Waves and some of its Applications. Communicated by J.J. Thomson. Received June 11, - Read June 18, 1896.
(London, Harrison and Sons, 1897). 4to. No wrappers as extracted from ""Philosophical Transactions"" Year 1897, Vol. 189 - A. Pp. 1-24., texfigs.
First appearance of this importent paper, the first paper by Rutherford published in England, in which he describes his invention of the ""Magnetic detector"" before Marconi made use of it in his wireless telegraphy across the Atlantic in 1901.On his arrival at Cambridge (in 1895) his talents were quickly recognized by Professor Thomson. During his first spell at the Cavendish Laboratory, he invented the detector for electromagnetic waves, an essential feature being an ingenious magnetizing coil containing tiny bundles of magnetized iron wire. The detector made it possible to send wireless signals.
Beiträge zur Kenntniss der Linienspectren I-III + IV (2 papers).
Leipzig, Barth, 1893-94 Both in orig. printed yellow wrappers. 2 Offprints from Annalen der Physik und Chemie, Neue Folge. Band 50. and Band 52. Separat-Abdrucke. Ueberreicht vom Verfasser. pp. (625-)638 + (119-)131. Clean and fine.
First printing of these main papers in spectroscopy of the elements, where Rydberg predicts lines of definite wave-lenghts in the spectrum of one or the other element.
Sur la constitution des spectres linéaires des éléments chimiques.
(Paris, Gauthier-Villars), 1890. 4to. No wrappers. In: ""Comptes Rendus Hebdomadaires des Séances de L'Academie des Sciences"", Tome 110, No 8. Pp. (369-) 428. (Entire issue offered). Rydberg's paper: pp. 394-97.
In this paper Rydberg announced his formula, later termed ""Rydberg's Constant - the paper being a shortened version of the larger paper, published at the same time in Kungliga Vetenskaps Akademiens Handlinger with the title ""Recherches sur la constitution des spectres d’émission des éléments chimiques"" - in which he stated as a fundamental principle that ""in the spectra of all the elements analyzed and so far thjere are series of rays whose wavelenghts or wave numbers are functions of consecutive integral numbers"". The equation became an importent inspiration for the development of quantum theory and for the formulation of quantum states by Niels Bohr. Bohr’s view provided an immediate interpretation of the combination principle by identifying each Rydberg spectral term multiplied by hc (Planck’s constant times the speed of light) with the energy of an allowable stationary state of the atom. The difference between two such states equaled the energy in the light quantum emitted in the transition from a higher allowable atomic-energy state to a lower one.""His major spectral work, ""Recherches sur la constitution des spectres d’émission des éléments chimiques"", published in 1890, mapped out Rydberg’s total approach with remarkable clarity. He conceived of the spectrum of an element as composed of the superposition of three different types of series - one in which the lines were comparatively sharp, one in which the lines were more diffuse, and a third that he called principal series even though they consisted mostly of lines in the ultraviolet. The first lines were located in the visible spectrum and were usually the most intense. The members of each series might be single, double, triple, or of higher multiplicity. Any particular elementary spectrum might contain any number (even zero) of series of each of the basic types.""(DSB).
"RYDBERG, J.R. (JOHANNES ROBERT). - REVISION OF THE PERIODIC SYSTEM.
Reference : 50386
(1906)
Elektron der erste Grundstoff.
Lund, Håkan Olssons Buckdruckerei, 1906. Lex8vo. Orig. printed wrappers. One of Rydberg's own copies with ""Ueberreicht vom Verfasser"" printed on frontwrapper. 30 pp., 2 large folded tables (the periodic system).
First edition of important revison of the periodic system in one the author's presentation copies (""Ueberreicht vom verfasser).""Rydberg’s study of the periodic properties of the elements led him in 1897 to suggest that certain characteristics of the elements could be more simply organized by using an atomic number instead of the atomic weights. This atomic number was to be identified with the ordinal index of the element in the periodic table. In 1906 Rydberg stated for the first time (the paper offered) that 2, 8, and 18 (that is, 2n2, where n= 1,2,3) represented the number of elements in the early periods of the system. In 1913 he went further, correcting an earlier error about the number of rare earths from 36 to 32, thus allowing the n = 4 group to be included in the pattern."" (DSB).
"RYDBERG, J.R. (JOHANNES ROBERT). - REVISION OF THE PERIODIC SYSTEM.
Reference : 50387
(1906)
Elektron der erste Grundstoff.
Lund, Håkan Olssons Buckdruckerei, 1906. Lex8vo. Orig. printed wrappers. Some small nicks to edges of wrappers. 30 pp., 2 large folded tables (the periodic system).
First edition of Rydberg's important revison of the periodic system. ""Rydberg’s study of the periodic properties of the elements led him in 1897 to suggest that certain characteristics of the elements could be more simply organized by using an atomic number instead of the atomic weights. This atomic number was to be identified with the ordinal index of the element in the periodic table. In 1906 Rydberg stated for the first time (the paper offered) that 2, 8, and 18 (that is, 2n2, where n= 1,2,3) represented the number of elements in the early periods of the system. In 1913 he went further, correcting an earlier error about the number of rare earths from 36 to 32, thus allowing the n = 4 group to be included in the pattern."" (DSB).
Dynamique des fluides. Un cours de base du deuxième cycle universitaire. 2e édition revue et augmentée.
Lausanne, Presses Polytechniques Romandes, 1991, in 8° relié pleine toile rouge de l'éditeur, jaquette illustrée, XXII-450 pages.
Complet du tableau dépliant. PHOTOS sur DEMANDE. ...................... Photos sur demande ..........................
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Dynamique des fluides. Un cours de base du deuxième cycle universitaire. Deuxième édition, revue et augmentée.
Lausanne, Presses Polytechniques Romandes 1991, 245x165mm, XXII - 450pages, reliure d'éditeur sous jaquette. Nom du possesseur sur le haut de la page de garde supérieure, autrement bel exemplaire.
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Experiences pour scavoir si le Papier & quelques autres corps sont capables d'arrêter l'Air & l'Eau" & si quand ils arrêtent l'un de ces liquides ils arrêtent l'autre.
(Paris, L'Imprimerie Royale, 1717). 4to. Without wrappers. Extracted from ""Mémoires de l'Academie des Sciences. Année 1714"". Pp. 55-64.
First printing.""Réamur was among the greatest naturalists of his or any age. In the breadth and range of his researches, in the patient detail of his observations, and in the brilliant ingenuity of his experiments, it would be difficult to name his equal. Thomas Henry Huxley has compared him favorably with Darwin.""(DSB XI, p. 331).
"RÉAUMUR, (RENÉ-ANTOINE FERCHAULT DE). - THE RÉAUMUR TEMPERATURE SCALE.
Reference : 46579
(1732)
Regles pour construire des Thermometres dont les Degres soient comparables, et qui donnent des idées d'un Chaud ou d'un Froid qui puissant être rapportés à desmsures connües.
Paris, L'Imprimerie Royale, 1732. 4to. Without wrappers. Extracted from ""Mémoires de l'Academie des Sciences. Année 1730"". Pp. 452-507 a. 1 folded engraved plate. With titlepage to Année 1730/1732. Titlepage with small tears to margins. Clean and fine.
First appearance of this importent paper in which Reaumur reveled how he constructed his invention of the thermometer scale, the scale which bears his name. The construction of the thermometer was based on alchohol, and the scaling bases on 0 degree for the freezing point of water and 80 degree for the boiling point of water.""The one serious drawback to Réaumur’s thermometer was that different strengths of alcohol have different coefficients of dilation, so that while one type of alcohol might expand one degree after the application of a certain amount of heat, another might expand two degrees under the same conditions. It was vital that all thermometers scaled according to his system have the same grade of alcohol. Réaumur suggested that the alcohol used in his thermometers be of a type that would dilate 80 degrees - that is, 8 parts in 100 - between the temperature of ice and the temperature at which the alcohol began to boil in an open thermometer tube. Owing to an unfortunate confusion of language in his article on the thermometer, however, nearly everyone believed that 80° on his scale was the temperature of boiling water"" and as a result, when so-called Reaumer thermometers began to be made by the artisans of Paris, they were nearly all scaled linearly with respect to two fiducial points, 0° for ice and 80° for boiling water."" (DSB).Parkinson ""Breakthroughs"" 1730 P.
"RÉAUMUR, (RENÉ-ANTOINE FERCHAULT DE). - THE RÉAUMUR TEMPERATURE SCALE INVENTED.
Reference : 51376
(1732)
Regles pour construire des Thermometres dont les Degres soient comparables, et qui donnent des idées d'un Chaud ou d'un Froid qui puissant être rapportés à desmsures connües. (+) Second Mémoire sur la Construction... (2 Papers).
Paris, L'Imprimerie Royale, 1732 a. 1733. 4to. Without wrappers. Extracted from ""Mémoires de l'Academie des Sciences. Année 1730 and 1731"". Pp. 452-507 a. pp. 250-296 and 1 folded engraved plate. With engraved frontispiece and titlepage to Année 1730/1732. Clean and fine.
First appearance of these importent paper in which Reaumur reveled how he constructed his invention of the thermometer scale, the scale which bears his name. The construction of the thermometer was based on alchohol, and the scaling bases on 0 degree for the freezing point of water and 80 degree for the boiling point of water.Parkinson ""Breakthroughs"" 1730.
On a New Kind of Rays. - [THE DISCOVERY OF X-RAYS]
London, Macmillan and Co., 1895-96. Royal8vo. Bound in contemporary half calf with five raised bands and two black leather title labels with gilt lettering to spine. In ""Nature"", November - April, 1895-96, Vol. LIII [53]. Pp. 274-6. [Entire volume: XL, 624 pp.].
First printing of the English translation (translated by Arthur Stanton) of Göntgen's seminal paper in which he presented his groundbreaking discovery of X-rays"" the foundation of roentgenology and thereby unveiling a new form of matter and offering a new revolutionary method for medical diagnosis.""Translations of Rontgen's paper soon started to appear, beginning with an English translation in Nature on 23 January. By 20 Febrary Nature was commenting that ""so numerous are the communications being made to scientific societies that it is difficult to keep pace with them, and the limits of our space would be exceeded if we attempted to describe the whole of the contributions to the subject, even at this early stage."" (Bakker, p. 319)""Their [X-rays] importance in surgery, medicine and metallurgy is well known. Incomparable the most important aspect of Röntgen's experiments, however, is his discovery of matter in a new form, which has completely revolutionized the study of chemistry and physics. Laue and the Braggs have used X-rays to show us the atomic structure of crystals. Moseley has reconstructed the periodic table of the elements. Becquerel was directly inspired by Röntgen's results to the investigation that discovered radio-activity. Finally J. J. Thomson enunciated the electron theory as a result of investigating the nature of the X-rays."" (DSB).""On Friday, 8 November 1895, Röntgen first suspected the existence of a new phenomenon when he observed that crystals of barium platinocyanide fluoresced at some distance from a Crookes tube with which he was experimenting. Hertz and Lenard had published on the penetrating powers of cathode rays (electrons), and Röntgen thought that there were unsolved problems worth investigation. He found time to begin his repetition of their experiments in October 1895. Although others had operated Crookes tubes in laboratories for over thirty years, it was Röntgen who found that X rays are emitted by the part of the glass wall of the tube that is opposite the cathode and that receives the beam of cathode rays. He soon discovered the penetrating properties of the rays, and was able to produce photographs of balance-weights in a closed box, the chamber of a shotgun, and a piece of nonhomogeneous metal. The apparent magical nature of the new rays was something of a shock even to Röntgen, and he, naturally, wished to be absolutely sure of the repeatability of the effects before publishing. The first communication on the rays, on 28 December, was to the editors of the Physical and Medical Society of Würzburg, and by 1 January 1896 Röntgen was able to send reprints and, in some cases, photographs to his friends and colleagues. Emil Warburg displayed some of the photographs at a meeting of the Berlin Physical Society on 4 January. The Wiener Presse carried the story of the discovery on 5 January, and on the following day the news broke around the world. The world's response was remarkably swift, both the general public and the scientific community reacting in their characteristic ways. For the former, the apparent magic caught the imagination, and for the latter, Crookes tubes and generators were promptly sold in great numbers.After a royal summons, Röntgen demonstrated the effects of X rays to the Kaiser and the court on 13 January. He was immediately awarded the Prussian Order of the Crown, Second Class.In March 1896, a second paper on X rays was published, and there followed a third in 1897, after which Röntgen returned to the study of the physics of solids. "" (DSB)""Aside from its obvious applications, Roentgen's discovery galvanized the world of physics and led to a rash of further discoveries that so completely overturned the old concepts of the science, that the discovery of X-rays is sometimes considered the first stroke of the Second Scientific Revolution. (The First Scientific Revolution is, of course that which included Galileo and his experiments on falling bodies). Within a matter of months, investigations of X rays led to the discovery of radioactivity by Becquerel....The importence of the discovery was well recognized in its own time. In 1896 Roentgen shared the Rumford Medal with Lenard and in 1901, when Nobel Prizes were set up.the first to be honoured with a Nobel Prize in Physics was Roentgen."" (Asimov).
