75 books for « jurgensen g »Edit

‎Regler for Tidens nöiagtige Afmaaling ved Uhre. (Rules govening the measurement of the accuracy of time by Watches and Clocks). - [MAGNUM OPUS OF MODERN WATCHMAKING]‎

‎Kiöbenhavn, N. Möller og Sön, 1804. 4to. Near contemporary brown half calf with cloth-covered boards gilt title to spine (UREMAKER KUNST), with Australian bookbinder's etiquette: ""W. Detmold, Melbourne"" to inside of front board. Pencil name and doodles to front end-papers and traces of the same kind of pencil-names and doodling to the first leaves, removed. Front free end-paper with a portrait inserted (possibly of Urban Jürgensen, possibly of his brother Jøregen Jørgensen - see below under Provenance). Hinges and capitals worn. Hinges professionally re-enforced from verso and restorations to capitals. Text overall nice and clean, with the occasinal browning or dampstaining. Plates have some overall toning/even soiling and staining and some occasional offsetting or spotting. They have been lightly, and very professionally, cleaned, and a few of them have edge restorations (far from affecting image) or a small re-enfircement from verso, barely noticeable. Bothe text and plates printed on thick, heavy paper. XXVI,242 pp. and 18 double-page folded engraved plates. ‎

‎Exceedingly scarce first edition of the first Danish book on watchmaking, constituting a magnum opus of modern watchmaking. After having trained abroad, in Le Locle, Paris, and London, Urban Jürgensen was one of the best-trained watchmakers in the world by the time he returned to Copenhagen in 1801. Not only did he master to perfection the finest techniques of the age, he also improved upon them and experimented with various technologies. His great treatise from 1804, Rules for the Accurate Measurement of Time by Watches and Clocks, is arguably the most important treatise on watchmaking from this period"" it was used as a manual for watchmakers all over Europe and is still in use today. The first edition is of the utmost scarcity, with very few copies known on private hands and only a handful of copies in libraries worldwide. The work was quickly translated into French, and a second edition of the Danish translation appeared in 1839. “The story starts with Jørgen Jürgensen, an early Danish watchmaker, in 1773. To give a sense of what Danish watchmaking looked like in the late 1700s, around 20 craftsmen were registered to the trade in Copenhagen. Before Jørgen received Royal support for his business in 1781, the majority of watches in Denmark were imported and of low quality. He successfully made the case over many years that with the government's support, he could create a true domestic industry. As a result, Jørgen can be described as the father of Danish watchmaking. He trained apprentices and was given the right to run a manufacturer. This right was even extended to his sons... ""if they possessed the necessary competence for the task."" Jørgen's eldest son, Urban Jürgensen, proved to possess more than the necessary competence. Born in 1776, Urban was incredibly intelligent, leaving Copenhagen at the age of 21 after Jørgen decided he had learned all that he could in his home country. His travels brought him to Le Locle, studying under Jacques-Frédéric Houriet" to Paris, to learn from Abraham-Louis Breguet and Ferdinand Berthoud and then to London, apprenticing for John Arnold and John Brockbank. Urban Jürgensen was one of the best-trained watchmakers in the world by the time he returned to Copenhagen in 1801 – and he backed it up. Before his death in 1830, he produced over 700 watches, including 45 marine chronometers. Urban experimented with various escapement technologies he had encountered during his travels, working with various ébauches, but he certainly preferred the chronometer or detent escapement. He even improved upon the work of Thomas Earnshaw and John Arnold in England by developing the detached double-wheel chronometer escapement toward the end of his career. Jørgen established the idea of Danish watchmaking, and Urban ran with it – particularly with an eye for scientific precision and accuracy.” (https://www.hodinkee.com/articles/urban-jurgensen-then-and-now). “In 1773, Danish horologist Jürgen Jürgensen presented his masterpiece, a repeating watch, to the Danish Watchmakers Guild in Copenhagen, Denmark. The culmination of six years of training in Germany and Switzerland, his efforts earned him the title of Master Watchmaker. Three years later, his eldest son Urban was born. Urban’s star would eclipse even that of his talented father, sparking a multigenerational saga that continues to this day. … Urban, born in 1776, set out on an apprenticeship journey — much as his father had before him — at the age of 21. Having already studied horology under his father’s tutelage, he made his way to France and England, where he had the tremendous fortune of studying in the workshops of Abraham-Louis Breguet, Ferdinand Berthoud and John Arnold. Due to his Danish citizenship, Jürgensen was able to navigate the geopolitical waters that would otherwise have stifled the ambition of an Englishman or a Frenchman desiring to work with his fellows across the Channel. (The two countries were archrivals and soon to be engaged in the Napoleonic Wars.). Returning to Copenhagen in 1801, Urban got to work designing marine chronometers, astronomical pendulum clocks, and even a bi-metallic pocket thermometer that functioned better than standard mercury-based models in freezing temperatures. His 1804 treatise Rules for the Accurate Measurement of Time by Watches and Clocks — published at the age of 28 — was the first Danish book on watchmaking and is still in use today. The influence of Breguet, Arnold and Berthoud combined with his Danish sense of design in functional, forward-thinking, beautiful timepieces began to impress in the highest circles: In quick succession, Jürgensen became the official supplier of marine chronometers to the Royal Danish Navy the first tradesman inducted into the Royal Danish Academy of Sciences" and, in 1824, a Knight of the Order of the Dannebrog.” (https://www.insidehook.com/watches/urban-jurgensen-historical-watchmaker-returns) “Urban Jürgensen is an independent high-end brand known for obsessing over details, creating masterpieces that may appear minimalistic, but hide an execution of subtleties that few ateliers can match. Founded in Copenhagen in 1773 by Jürgen Jürgensen, the company is among the foremost watchmaking dynasties in history. During the 18th and 19th centuries, the Jürgensen family worked with legends like Jacques-Frédéric Houriet, Abraham-Louis Breguet and John Arnold to set standards for fine watchmaking that still apply today. Urban Jürgensen, first son of Jürgen, continued building the family's brand with innovations like a cylinder escape wheel comprised of hardened steel (instead of traditional brass) to greatly reduce wear and increase reliability. His book, Principes Généraux de l'Exacte Mesure du temps par les Horloges [i.e. the present book, French translation], is still a relevant reference for today's watchmakers. Headquartered in Biel/Bienne, Switzerland, the company was for a time under Danish ownership with Soren Petersen (formerly with Nokia) as President and CEO, before being acquired in 2025 by US-based Rosenfield family and a group of investors, with Finnish independent watchmaker Kari Voutilainen serving as Co-CEO and head of watchmaking.” (https://monochrome-watches.com/urban-jurgensen/) On OCLC, we have been able to locate no more than four copies outside of Copenhagen: Paris, London, Stockholm, and Chicago. Provenance: It is curious that a book like the present should end up in Melbourne (where it was bound) in the mid 19th century. The portrait inserted on the front free end-paper may point to an explanation. This portrait bears quite a bit of resemblance with that of Urban Jürgensen printed in the second edition of the work. But it also bears great resemblance with the portrait (by Eckersberg) of his famous brother Jørgen Jørgensen (the Danish version of the name Jürgensen), who spent the lest part of his life in Tasmania. We have not been absle to establish with certainty whether it is Jørgen or Urban himself, but it seems likely that Jørgen will have brought his brother's great treatise with him to Australia, where it will have remained after his death in 1841. Jørgen Jørgensen (1780-1841), also known as “The King of Iceland”, was a famous Danish adventurer, who led a rather remarkable life. “The ‘Viking of Van Diemen’s Land', Jørgen Jørgensen is without a doubt the most colourful and (in)famous Dane to have come to Australia. He was once called one of the most interesting human comets ever recorded in history. In his 61 years of life, he was a sailor, diplomatic agent, convict, self-proclaimed king of Iceland, police officer, gambler, convict, naval captain, writer, explorer and the list goes on.” (Danes in Australia) “Jørgen Jørgensen (later anglicised to Jorgen Jorgenson) was born on 29 March 1780 in Copenhagen as the second son of royal clockmaker Jürgen Jürgensen and wife Anna Leth Bruun, a very well-respected family. At the age of 14, Jorgen took his first job as an apprentice on an English coal ship sailing mainly in the North Sea and the Baltic. In the next years he worked on several Danish and English ships, including a whaling ship bound for South Africa. In 1800, he was taken on as a second-mate on the Lady Nelson, an English brig commissioned by New South Wales Governor King to discover whether Van Diemen’s Land (now known as Tasmania) was part of the mainland or not (all maps prior to 1800 showed that this was the case). In January 1801, the brig made its first passage through the Bass Strait. Jorgen served on the survey ship during which time Launceston was discovered, Hobart was founded and a permanent settlement was established at Newcastle. In 1804, Jorgen joined the whaling ship Alexander where, at the age of 24, he became an assistant captain. The large pod of whales, which he had discovered during his voyages around the Bass Strait, resulted in a very successful whaling expedition. Eventually, this led to a permanent whaling station at Hobart, which played a huge part in the Tasmanian economy right into the 20th century. Jorgen then sailed a cargo of whale blubber back to Europe, and eventually returned to Copenhagen in 1806 where he was hailed as the first Dane to sail around the world. After Denmark’s declaration of war against England he was appointed captain on a Danish privateer, the Admiral Juul, and sent out to destroy British warships. However, he was quickly captured, and subsequently taken back to England as a prisoner of war. In London he befriended a merchant, Samuel Phelps, and later went with him on a trading expedition to Iceland, which was ruled by Denmark. Upon arrival in Iceland, the Danish officials refused to let the Icelanders trade with the newly arrived ship. After a week or so with no change, Jorgen, along with Phelps and a dozen British seamen, marched to the governor’s residence and declared him a prisoner of war. Jorgen, at the time 28 years old, subsequently announced himself as His Excellency the Protector of Iceland, Commander in Chief by Sea and Land and soon after his proclamations began “We, Jorgen Jorgensen, Rex”. He designed a flag and built a fort, Fort Phelps. He is still known today by the Icelanders as Jörundur hundadaga konungur (Jorgen the king of the dog-days). His rule was short-lived. A British war ship arrived and the Captain put an end to Jorgen’s two months as a ‘king’, and took him back to England where he was imprisoned, yet again. Through powerful connections, Jorgen managed to get out of this prison sentence and was sent to Continental Europe as a spy. His gambling, drinking and ever-mounting debts, however, were getting the better of him, and the final straw was after he was caught pawning off his landlady’s furnishings and bed linen. He was sentenced to 7 years of exile, caught a month later for still remaining in the country, and sentenced to death, which was then commuted to exile for life. During the next three years, he managed to stay in England, even working as an assistant to the surgeon at Newgate Prison. Antagonised by one of Jorgen’s religious publications, the Home Secretary eventually was forced to send him to Van Diemen’s Land. In 1825 he boarded the convict ship Woodman and arrived on 29 April, 1826, some 22 years after he had first sailed through these waters. The island now had a population of 13,000 (of which 6,000 were convicts) with 5,000 living in Hobart. Jorgen’s first job was working as a clerk in the local customs office. Here he discovered a suspected forgery of government bonds, which led to the police arresting the forgers and confiscating 4000 pounds worth of forged bonds. In recognition of exposing the forgery, Jorgen was put in touch with the manager of the Van Diemen’s Land Company. Here he was chosen to lead an expedition to the unexplored northwest corner of the island, a journey of 300 km. Together with another convict, they were the first white men to cross the Central Plateau. However, snow, lack of provisions and exhaustion, forced them to turn back. In July 1827, Jorgen got a conditional pardon and started a new career as a police officer. This involved protecting the white colonists in the village of Oatlands, northwest of Hobart, against the so-called ‘hostile natives’ as well as escaped convicts. He was also made member of a special police corps, responsible for the ‘black wars’, an unsuccessful attempt by the colonial government to drive all the aborigines out of the island. As a reward for his services Jorgen was awarded 100 acres of land. Eventually, Jorgen received his full pardon, and in 1831 he resigned from the police force. A week later, he married an Irish convict, Norah Corbett, who was half his age and an alcoholic. She proved to be the greatest trial of his life and was often seen chasing her husband down the streets of Oatlands. Jorgen wrote several books and contributed regularly to two daily newspapers in Hobart during his last years.” Bookbinder William Detmold was among the earliest and most important bookbinders in Australia. ""William Detmold (1828-1884) of Melbourne, who began in 1854, was an important bookbinder. Hannover-born, Detmold is believed to have trained in New York, where he lived from 1846 until 1852."" ""Binding skills were originally immigrant. Training by apprenticeship, formal or otherwise followed. Trades training away from the workplace began about the beginning of the twentieth century. Examples of the second generation of binders are Charles Harwood, originally a convict, trained by Moffitt, later in business for himself in Sydney for at least twenty years, and the Wrigleys, who arrived in Melbourne as children in the 1850s, worked for Detmold, and for themselves in the 1870s and 1880s. By the second half of the nineteenth century, we find a gradual separation of specialised book trades into freestanding businesses. The emergence was slow and incomplete. The association of binding with related trades makes it difficult to determine who were the BOOK binders. The emphasis of advertisments sometimes provides a clue. John L Sherriff, of Sydney, in The Australian almanac for the year 1874 advertises himself as 'bookseller, stationer and publisher', although stating 'JLS gives his attention to the following branches of business:- Bookselling, publishing, binding, printing, engraving and lithographing, picture framing, account book manufacturing' (p37). In A glance at Australia in 1880 by Mortimer Franklyn (Melbourne, 1881) Maddock advertises himself as, 'importer of books and stationery', listing bookbinding in a long list of services provided. Bookseller George Robertson of Melbourne's new premises were described by the Bookseller in 1872 as having a bindery for the manufacture of account books. Without the ledger trade, in particular, it is dubious if the competence to be found in much nineteenth century Australian binding would have been possible. From stickers we know that Robertson bound books, presumably for customers, and his own publications. Even binders working independently offered services such as the manufacture of account books or fancy boxes. William Detmold (1828-1884) of Melbourne, who began in 1854, was an important bookbinder. Hannover-born, Detmold is believed to have trained in New York, where he lived from 1846 until 1852. As well as Detmold, Tanner's Melbourne directory for 1859. (Melbourne, John Tanner) lists Cook & Fox, E. Esquilant and T.J. Walters. The publication itself, bound in khaki coloured buckram with a blind embossed rectangular cover design, gilt lettering on the front cover and a blank spine, is a publisher's binding with Detmold's sticker on the endpapers.W. Detmold, Bookbinder, paper Ruler, and Manufacturer of Account Books, In acknowledging the liberal patronage he has received from the Victorian Public, desires to inform them that, to his already extensive Bookbinding Establishment he has added all the latest improvements in machinery, by the aid of which, and by careful attention, he is enabled to execute orders with increased promptitude, in a more SUPERIOR AND FINISHED STYLE than hitherto, and at REDUCED PRICES"" and ventures to hope for a continuance of the support which he has hitherto been honoured. W. Detmold is employed by all the Leading Houses, the Clergy and Gentry, as well as the Public Library, University, and most other Libraries in the Colony. 163, Swanston street, Melbourne."" (Carol Mills: Australian Bookbinders and Bookbinding History of the Nineteenth Century).‎

‎Mémoires sur l'horlogerie exacte.‎

‎Paris, Bachelier, 1832.‎

6 Images

‎ Première édition sous forme de livre, très rare. Ces mémoires ont parus en danois dans les publications de la Société des sciences de Copenhague. - Remarques sur l'horlogerie exacte et proposition d'un échappement libre (à double roue) avec une réduction considérable de frottement. - Description de l'échappement libre à double roue. - De l'isochronisme des vibrations du pendule et proposition suivant laquelle on peut facilement faire vibrer le pendule des horloges astronomiques dans des arcs d'égale étendue. - Description d'un pendule compensateur... - De l'influence de l'air sur le régulateur des pendules astronomiques et des horloges à longitudes. - Description d'un nouveau thermomètre métallique à minimum. Illustré par 5 belles planches dépliantes. Ces mémoires sont publiés et traduits par le fils de l'auteur Louis-Urbain Jürgensen. Le célèbre horloger danois Urban Bruun Jürgensen (1776 - 1830) était fils d'un horloger royal. Il entreprit à l'âge de 20 ans un voyage de cinq ans à l'étranger pour observer les avancées technique de l'horlogerie à Neuchâtel, Genève, Locle, Paris et Londres. Jürgensen reprit l'atelier de son père en 1811. Il a été élu en 1815 à l'Académie des sciences, un honneur inhabituel pour un artisan. L'entreprise Jurgensen existe encore aujourd'hui. Quelques rousseurs. Bon exemplaire. /// In-8 de 63 pp., 5 planches dépl. Demi-basane bleue. (Reliure moderne.) //// First edition in book form, quite scarce. These memoirs were published in Danish by the Copenhagen Society of Science. They are here published and translated by the author's son Louis-Urbain Jürgensen. "Louis Urban collected five of his father's written contributions in a booklet titled Mémoires sur lHorlogerie exacte. Being in French, it inevitably made the material accessible to many more, as compared to if it had been published in Danish. This work includes five plates and is quite scarce." (F. Plum, Urban Jürgensen and the Royal Danish Academy of Sciences and Letters). The famous Danish watchmaker Urban Bruun Jürgensen (1776 - 1830) was the son of a royal watchmaker. At the age of 20, he embarked on a five-year journey abroad, to see the technical developments of horology in Neuchâtel, Geneva, Locle, Paris and London. Jürgensen took over his father's workshop in 1811. In 1815, he was elected to the Academy of Sciences, an unusual honor for a craftsman. The Jurgensen company still exists today. Illustrated with 5 beautiful folding plates. Some foxing. A good copy.‎

‎Cahiers de Défense de la France‎

‎ Imprimé et distribué en France par des Patriotes Français, la quatrième année d'occupation et de terreur nazies. 1944 In-8 En feuilles, couverture. ‎

‎Rare édition originale de ces cinq textes de la Résistance, rassemblés sous couverture titrée ornée d'une croix de Lorraine imprimés en bleu foncé. [Viannay (Philippe), Salmon (Robert), Jurgensen (Jean Daniel)] Le sens de la Résistance. [(février 1944)] - [Viannay (Ph.)] Le Combat pour une cité libre. [janvier 1944] - [Salmon (R.)] Vers la Révolution. [mars 1944] - [Salmon (R.), Jurgensen (J.D.)] Projet de Constitution [janvier 1944] - [Jurgensen (J. D.)] La politique extérieure de la France. [sept. 1943] - [Salmon (R.)] La politique économique de demain. [déc. 1943], > Défense de la France est le titre d'un journal clandestin, qui, tiré initialement à quelques exemplaires, le fut plus tard à 450 000, et devint, après la Libération, le journal France-Soir. Très bon 0‎

‎Beskrivelse over et nyt Metal-Thermometer.‎

‎(København, 1823). 4to. Bound uncut in recent marbled paper covered boards. Published in ""Videnskabernes Selskabs Skrifter"". Fine and clean. (3), 284-288 pp. + 2 engraved plates. ‎

‎First appearance of Jürgensen’s description of his metal-thermometer Jürgensen ”starts the article by applauding the mercury thermometer and calls it one of the most perfect instruments in the world of natural sciences. The metal thermometer is however, he states, much more portable and rugged than the former. This new design included an arrangement that allows the user to observe the lowest temperature since the last resetting of the hand. Moreover, the metal thermometer is more dependable in conditions where the temperature is well below nil degrees, as the mercury may freeze in such an environment. The thermometer described in this article is of a slightly larger size than the first iteration and thus meant as a stationary tool for better readability. Jürgensen goes on to describe the construction of the thermometer, using two illustrations – one of the front and one of the back of the device.” (Insight: Urban Jürgensen and the Royal Danish Academy of Sciences and Letters).‎

‎L'Erreur de l'Occident: Face à la mondialisation [Paperback] Jurgensen, Philippe‎

‎ Editions Odile Jacob PHOTOS SUR DEMANDE ‎

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‎L'Erreur de l'Occident: Face à la mondialisation [Paperback] Jurgensen, Philippe‎

‎ Editions Odile Jacob 2004 BROCHE ‎

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‎CHEVELURE DE LA NUIT JURGENSEN, GENEVIEVE‎

‎ Robert Laffont Dédicacé par l'Auteure (Geneviève). Photo sur demande. ‎

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‎La folie des autres [Paperback] Geneviève Jurgensen‎

‎ BROCHE ‎

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‎La folie des Autres- L'expérience d'une jeune educatrice française à l'Ecole orthogénique de Brono Bettelheim‎

‎ Laffont In-8°,broché,couverture rempliée souple de la collection,320 pages, pagination fraiche ,bon état d'usage.‎

‎ Bon Etat Paiement PayPal immédiat : https://paypal.me/Artlink (LIVRE RARE BOOK). Mondial Relay pour : France, Allemagne, Autriche, Belgique, Espagne, Italie, Portugal, Luxembourg, Pays-Bas, Pologne (Communiquer votre point ou locker si connu). Une participation supplémentaire peut être demandée pour les colis lourds hors France où les envois compris entre 5 et 25 kg sont dégressifs : 2 à 4 kilogrammes - 7.99 / 5 à 10 kg - 15.99 / 15 -25 kg - 25.99. Certaines de nos collections ( Vian, Céline, Camus (...) peuvent être expédiées en Franco de port. Pour linternational hors Europe (Suisse, Canada, Japon, Etats-Unis, les frais dexpéditions peuvent varier selon le poids (mise à jour : 1 juin 2026). ‎

‎Les Jürgensen. ‎

‎Neuchâtel, Nouvelle revue neuchâteloise numéro 52, 1996. In-8 broché, couverture illustrée à rabats. Illustrations in-texte. ‎

‎Numéro de la revue consacrée à la famille installée au Locle et qui accueillit à trois reprises Hans Christian Andersen. ‎

‎ORWELL ou la route 1984.‎

‎ Robert Laffont In-8°,broché,209 pages,fané et en bon état d'usage : Bon ensemble .‎

‎Peu en circulation Bon Etat Paiement PayPal immédiat : https://paypal.me/Artlink (LIVRE RARE BOOK). Mondial Relay pour : France, Allemagne, Autriche, Belgique, Espagne, Italie, Portugal, Luxembourg, Pays-Bas, Pologne (Communiquer votre point ou locker si connu). Une participation supplémentaire peut être demandée pour les colis lourds hors France où les envois compris entre 5 et 25 kg sont dégressifs : 2 à 4 kilogrammes - 7.99 / 5 à 10 kg - 15.99 / 15 -25 kg - 25.99. Certaines de nos collections ( Vian, Céline, Camus (...) peuvent être expédiées en Franco de port. Pour linternational hors Europe (Suisse, Canada, Japon, Etats-Unis, les frais dexpéditions peuvent varier selon le poids (mise à jour : 1 juin 2026). ‎

‎Erkrankungen der Kreislaufsorgane. Insufficienz (Schwäche) des Herzens. Endocarditis. Klappenfehler, von Prof. Dr. Theodor von Jürgensen. Die Erkrankungen des Herzmuskels und die nervösen Herkrankheiten von Prof. Dr. Ludolf Krehl. Specielle Pathologie und Therapie. Hrsg. Hermann Nothnagel. XV. Band, I. Theil. IV. Abtheilung.‎

‎ Wien, Alfred Hölder 1903, 250x175mm, VI - 151Seiten, broschiert. ‎

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‎Acute Exantheme. Einleitung: Masern. - Scharlach, Rötheln, Varicellen. Von Dr. Theodore v. Jürgensen in Tübingen.Specielle Pathologie und Therapie. Hrsg. Hermann Nothnagel. IV. Band, II. Theil. III. 1. und 2. Abtheilung.‎

‎ Wien, Alfred Hölder 1895-1896, 250x175mm, VII-VIII- 168 + 303Seiten, broschiert. ‎

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‎Ledetraad til Nordisk Oldkyndighed, udgiven af det kongelige Nordiske Oldskrift-Selskab. - [ESTABLISHING SCIENTIFIC ARCHAEOLOGY]‎

‎Kjöbenhavn (Copenhagen), 1836. 8vo. Nice contemporary half calf with gilt red leather title-label and gilt spine. Vellum corners to boards. Ex libris to inside of front board. A nice and clean copy. Illustrated. (4), 100 pp.‎

‎Scarce first edition of this milestone publication, which laid the foundation of modern archaeology and transformed it into an exact science. With this seminal publication, Thomsen was the first to establish an evidence-based division of prehistory into discrete periods, and with it he became the originator of the three-age system (the division into Stone Age - Bronze Age - Iron Age), which is ""the basic chronology that now underpins the archaeology of most of the Old World"" (Rowley-Conwy: From Genesis to Prehistory, p.1). This foundational work altered our understanding of our world and our place in it and contains the first use of ""culture"" in an archaeological context.""Christian Jürgensen Thomsen, (born Dec. 29, 1788, Copenhagen, Den.-died May 21, 1865, Copenhagen), Danish archaeologist who deserves major credit for developing the three-part system of prehistory, naming the Stone, Bronze, and Iron ages for the successive stages of man's technological development in Europe. His tripartite scheme brought the first semblance of order to prehistory and formed the basis for chronological schemes developed for other areas of the globe by succeeding generations of archaeologists."" (Encycl. Britt.).Up until the beginning of the 19th century, our understanding of antiquities had been very loose and fumbling. Studying the artifacts, earlier archaeologists had used a great deal of imagination, especially when adapting information from written sources to the objects. Only when Thomsen enters the scene, this approach changes. He is the first to focus the investigation upon the artifacts themselves. Quickly realizing that this approach must be the only way forward, he soon distinguished clearly between objects, both similar and different, and established what belonged together in time and where there were chronological differences. He was among the first to differentiate between history that could be studied through written sources and prehistory which could only be studied through material culture. He realized - as the first - that in order to interpret findings of prehistoric objects, one would have to know their source and the context in which they were found - thus establishing the foundation for modern excavation technique. He trained the great archaeologist J.J.A. Worsaae and sent him on excavation expeditions to acquire artifacts for ethnographic museum that he had founded and thus also founded Danish archaeology. Thomsen was the first to perceive typologies of grave goods, grave types, methods of burial, pottery and decorative motifs, and to assign these types to layers found in excavation, thus combining our different sources of knowledge to establish certainty. When, in 1836, the Royal Society of Northern Antiquaries published Thomsen's illustrated contribution to ""Guide to Scandinavian Archaeology"" (i.e. the present publication), in which he put forth his chronology for the first time, together with comments about typology and stratigraphy, Thomsen already had an international reputation. But this publication gave him more than that - it made him the founder of modern archaeology and arguably the most influential archaeologist of all times. In 1816 Thomsen had been appointed head of ""antiquarian"" collections, which later developed into the National Museum of Denmark. It was while organizing and classifying the antiquities for exhibition that he discovered how much more sense it would make to present them chronologically, and so he did, using what is now known as the ""three-age system"". Proposing that prehistory had advanced from an age of stone tools, to ages of tools made from bronze and iron was not in itself a novel idea, but no previous proposals allowed for the dating of artifacts (which Thomsen's system did for the first time) and they were all presented as systems of evolution. Refining the idea of stone-bronze-iron phases, Thomsen turned it into a chronological system by seeing which artifacts occurred with which other artifacts in closed finds. In this way, he was the first to establish an evidence-based division of prehistory into discrete periods. It is this seminal achievement that led to his being credited as the originator of the three-age system.He provided for the first time a solid empirical basis for the system that ever since the present publication has laid at the foot of all archaeological research. He showed that artifacts could be classified into types and that these types varied over time in ways that correlated with the predominance of stone, bronze or iron implements and weapons. In this way he turned the Three-age System from being an evolutionary scheme based on intuition and general knowledge into a system of relative chronology supported by archaeological evidence.""His published and personal advice to Danish archaeologists concerning the best methods of excavation produced immediate results that not only verified his system empirically but placed Denmark in the forefront of European archaeology for at least a generation. He became a national authority when C.C Rafn, secretary of the Kongelige Nordiske Oldskriftselskab (""Royal Society of Northern Antiquaries""), published his principal manuscript in ""Ledetraad til Nordisk Oldkyndighed"" (""Guide to Scandinavian Archaeology"") in 1836.""This groundbreaking publication was immediately translated into German (published the following year, 1837), in which form it reached a wide audience, influencing the archaeologists of all of Europe. In 1848, it was published in English and became highly influential on the development of archaeology theory and practice in Great Britain and the United States.In 1849 Thomsen founded the world's first ethnografic museum, which continued to contribute significantly to the development of modern archaeology.""Throughout the course of the nineteenth century growing amounts of archaeological material were being recovered as the vastly expanding engineering activities of the Industrial Revolution were transforming Central and Western Europe into the ""workshop of the world."" Indeed, much of the popular appeal of archaeology in early Victorian times lay in its seeming demonstration that this contemporary technological advancement, which both intrigued and delighted the middle classes, was no mere accident but the acceleration of a tendency for ""progress"" which was innate in humankind. This evidence that cultural evolution as opposed to degeneration from an original state of grace had been a significant feature of human history made archaeology pre-eminently a science of progress. Within the context of the history of the discipline, however, the birth of this ""scientific archaeology"", as distinct from the antiquarianism of earlier times, is generally associated with the unfolding of the ""Three Age System"" and the pioneering work of C.J. Thomsen.While in the past a few archaeologists had attempted to subdivide prehistoric materials into various temporal segments, it was Thomsen who first envisaged, and applied, on the basis of archaeological evidence, a systematic classification of antiquities according to the criteria of material use and form which could be correlated with a sequence of temporal periods: the Ages of Stone, Bronze, and Iron, familiar to every student of archaeology for the last hundred years. The novelty of this approach, however, did not lie in the concept of technological development gleaned from his familiarity with the conjectural history of the Enlightenment, or in his assumption of a sequence of Stone, Bronze, or Iron Ages, itself a variation of Lucretius' popular model. Rather, it lay in his employment of ""seriational principles"" acquired from his extensive knowledge of numismatics, which he used to combine evidence concerning technology, grave goods, along with the shape and decoration of various artefacts into an internally consistent developmental sequence. Though Thomsen's Museum of Northern Antiquities in Denmark had arranged its collection of artefacts in accordance with this new system as early as 1819, the first written account of his research was not set out in print until the ""Ledetraad til Nordisk Oldkyndighed"" (""Guide Book to Northern/Nordic Antiquities"") was published in 1836. While prior to Thomsen's work, thinking about antiquities in both Europe and the United States bas both intellectually fragmented and essentially speculative, the publication of the ""Ledetraad"" and its translation into German a year later unified archaeological studies by providing scholars with an exemplar or ""paradigm"". For, while previously antiquarians and indeed classical archaeologists, who were interested in what are now recognized to be prehistoric remains, tended to look to written records and/or oral traditions to provide a historical context for their finds, it was Thomsen who liberated archaeologists from this restrictive assumption through the creation of a carefully controlled chronology which allowed for the comprehensive study of those periods in history for which NO written records were available. In the second half of the nineteenth century, Thomsen's system established itself as THE system, as his basic classification of artefacts, arranged in periods by virtue of an analogy with the form and function of tools in his own day, was modified an elaborated upon by, among others, Worsaae, de Mortillet and John Lubbock."" (D.A. Nestor: Cognitive Perspectives on Israelite Identity, pp. 46-48).‎

‎Leitfaden zur Nordischen Alterthumskunde, herausgegeben von der königlichen Gesellschaft für Nordische Altherthumskunde. - [ESTABLISHING SCIENTIFIC ARCHAEOLOGY]‎

‎Kopenhagen, 1837. 8vo. Uncut in the original printed wrappers. A very light damp stain to hinges and spine cracked vertically down the middle, but still tight and cords intact. An excellent clean and fresh copy. (4), 108 pp.‎

‎Scarce first German edition of this milestone publication, which laid the foundation of modern archaeology and transformed it into an exact science. With this seminal publication, Thomsen was the first to establish an evidence-based division of prehistory into discrete periods, and with it he became the originator of the three-age system (the division into Stone Age - Bronze Age - Iron Age), which is ""the basic chronology that now underpins the archaeology of most of the Old World"" (Rowley-Conwy: From Genesis to Prehistory, p.1). This foundational work altered our understanding of our world and our place in it and contains the first use of ""culture"" in an archaeological context.""Christian Jürgensen Thomsen, (born Dec. 29, 1788, Copenhagen, Den.-died May 21, 1865, Copenhagen), Danish archaeologist who deserves major credit for developing the three-part system of prehistory, naming the Stone, Bronze, and Iron ages for the successive stages of man's technological development in Europe. His tripartite scheme brought the first semblance of order to prehistory and formed the basis for chronological schemes developed for other areas of the globe by succeeding generations of archaeologists."" (Encycl. Britt.).Up until the beginning of the 19th century, our understanding of antiquities had been very loose and fumbling. Studying the artifacts, earlier archaeologists had used a great deal of imagination, especially when adapting information from written sources to the objects. Only when Thomsen enters the scene, this approach changes. He is the first to focus the investigation upon the artifacts themselves. Quickly realizing that this approach must be the only way forward, he soon distinguished clearly between objects, both similar and different, and established what belonged together in time and where there were chronological differences. He was among the first to differentiate between history that could be studied through written sources and prehistory which could only be studied through material culture. He realized - as the first - that in order to interpret findings of prehistoric objects, one would have to know their source and the context in which they were found - thus establishing the foundation for modern excavation technique. He trained the great archaeologist J.J.A. Worsaae and sent him on excavation expeditions to acquire artifacts for ethnographic museum that he had founded and thus also founded Danish archaeology. Thomsen was the first to perceive typologies of grave goods, grave types, methods of burial, pottery and decorative motifs, and to assign these types to layers found in excavation, thus combining our different sources of knowledge to establish certainty. When, in 1836, the Royal Society of Northern Antiquaries published Thomsen's illustrated contribution to ""Guide to Scandinavian Archaeology"" (i.e. the present publication), in which he put forth his chronology for the first time, together with comments about typology and stratigraphy, Thomsen already had an international reputation. But this publication gave him more than that - it made him the founder of modern archaeology and arguably the most influential archaeologist of all times. In 1816 Thomsen had been appointed head of ""antiquarian"" collections, which later developed into the National Museum of Denmark. It was while organizing and classifying the antiquities for exhibition that he discovered how much more sense it would make to present them chronologically, and so he did, using what is now known as the ""three-age system"". Proposing that prehistory had advanced from an age of stone tools, to ages of tools made from bronze and iron was not in itself a novel idea, but no previous proposals allowed for the dating of artifacts (which Thomsen's system did for the first time) and they were all presented as systems of evolution. Refining the idea of stone-bronze-iron phases, Thomsen turned it into a chronological system by seeing which artifacts occurred with which other artifacts in closed finds. In this way, he was the first to establish an evidence-based division of prehistory into discrete periods. It is this seminal achievement that led to his being credited as the originator of the three-age system.He provided for the first time a solid empirical basis for the system that ever since the present publication has laid at the foot of all archaeological research. He showed that artifacts could be classified into types and that these types varied over time in ways that correlated with the predominance of stone, bronze or iron implements and weapons. In this way he turned the Three-age System from being an evolutionary scheme based on intuition and general knowledge into a system of relative chronology supported by archaeological evidence.""His published and personal advice to Danish archaeologists concerning the best methods of excavation produced immediate results that not only verified his system empirically but placed Denmark in the forefront of European archaeology for at least a generation. He became a national authority when C.C Rafn, secretary of the Kongelige Nordiske Oldskriftselskab (""Royal Society of Northern Antiquaries""), published his principal manuscript in ""Ledetraad til Nordisk Oldkyndighed"" (""Guide to Scandinavian Archaeology"") in 1836.""This groundbreaking publication was immediately translated into German (published the following year, 1837), in which form it reached a wide audience, influencing the archaeologists of all of Europe. In 1848, it was published in English and became highly influential on the development of archaeology theory and practice in Great Britain and the United States.In 1849 Thomsen founded the world's first ethnografic museum, which continued to contribute significantly to the development of modern archaeology.""Throughout the course of the nineteenth century growing amounts of archaeological material were being recovered as the vastly expanding engineering activities of the Industrial Revolution were transforming Central and Western Europe into the ""workshop of the world."" Indeed, much of the popular appeal of archaeology in early Victorian times lay in its seeming demonstration that this contemporary technological advancement, which both intrigued and delighted the middle classes, was no mere accident but the acceleration of a tendency for ""progress"" which was innate in humankind. This evidence that cultural evolution as opposed to degeneration from an original state of grace had been a significant feature of human history made archaeology pre-eminently a science of progress. Within the context of the history of the discipline, however, the birth of this ""scientific archaeology"", as distinct from the antiquarianism of earlier times, is generally associated with the unfolding of the ""Three Age System"" and the pioneering work of C.J. Thomsen.While in the past a few archaeologists had attempted to subdivide prehistoric materials into various temporal segments, it was Thomsen who first envisaged, and applied, on the basis of archaeological evidence, a systematic classification of antiquities according to the criteria of material use and form which could be correlated with a sequence of temporal periods: the Ages of Stone, Bronze, and Iron, familiar to every student of archaeology for the last hundred years. The novelty of this approach, however, did not lie in the concept of technological development gleaned from his familiarity with the conjectural history of the Enlightenment, or in his assumption of a sequence of Stone, Bronze, or Iron Ages, itself a variation of Lucretius' popular model. Rather, it lay in his employment of ""seriational principles"" acquired from his extensive knowledge of numismatics, which he used to combine evidence concerning technology, grave goods, along with the shape and decoration of various artefacts into an internally consistent developmental sequence. Though Thomsen's Museum of Northern Antiquities in Denmark had arranged its collection of artefacts in accordance with this new system as early as 1819, the first written account of his research was not set out in print until the ""Ledetraad til Nordisk Oldkyndighed"" (""Guide Book to Northern/Nordic Antiquities"") was published in 1836. While prior to Thomsen's work, thinking about antiquities in both Europe and the United States bas both intellectually fragmented and essentially speculative, the publication of the ""Ledetraad"" and its translation into German a year later unified archaeological studies by providing scholars with an exemplar or ""paradigm"". For, while previously antiquarians and indeed classical archaeologists, who were interested in what are now recognized to be prehistoric remains, tended to look to written records and/or oral traditions to provide a historical context for their finds, it was Thomsen who liberated archaeologists from this restrictive assumption through the creation of a carefully controlled chronology which allowed for the comprehensive study of those periods in history for which NO written records were available. In the second half of the nineteenth century, Thomsen's system established itself as THE system, as his basic classification of artefacts, arranged in periods by virtue of an analogy with the form and function of tools in his own day, was modified an elaborated upon by, among others, Worsaae, de Mortillet and John Lubbock."" (D.A. Nestor: Cognitive Perspectives on Israelite Identity, pp. 46-48).‎

‎Leitfaden zur Nordischen Alterthumskunde, herausgegeben von der königlichen Gesellschaft für Nordische Altherthumskunde. - [ESTABLISHING SCIENTIFIC ARCHAEOLOGY]‎

‎Kopenhagen, 1837. 8vo. Uncut and unopened in the original printed wrappers. A A completely fresh copy - mint condition. (4), 108, (4 - advertisements) pp.‎

‎Scarce first German edition of this milestone publication, which laid the foundation of modern archaeology and transformed it into an exact science. With this seminal publication, Thomsen was the first to establish an evidence-based division of prehistory into discrete periods, and with it he became the originator of the three-age system (the division into Stone Age - Bronze Age - Iron Age), which is ""the basic chronology that now underpins the archaeology of most of the Old World"" (Rowley-Conwy: From Genesis to Prehistory, p.1). This foundational work altered our understanding of our world and our place in it and contains the first use of ""culture"" in an archaeological context.""Christian Jürgensen Thomsen, (born Dec. 29, 1788, Copenhagen, Den.-died May 21, 1865, Copenhagen), Danish archaeologist who deserves major credit for developing the three-part system of prehistory, naming the Stone, Bronze, and Iron ages for the successive stages of man's technological development in Europe. His tripartite scheme brought the first semblance of order to prehistory and formed the basis for chronological schemes developed for other areas of the globe by succeeding generations of archaeologists."" (Encycl. Britt.).Up until the beginning of the 19th century, our understanding of antiquities had been very loose and fumbling. Studying the artifacts, earlier archaeologists had used a great deal of imagination, especially when adapting information from written sources to the objects. Only when Thomsen enters the scene, this approach changes. He is the first to focus the investigation upon the artifacts themselves. Quickly realizing that this approach must be the only way forward, he soon distinguished clearly between objects, both similar and different, and established what belonged together in time and where there were chronological differences. He was among the first to differentiate between history that could be studied through written sources and prehistory which could only be studied through material culture. He realized - as the first - that in order to interpret findings of prehistoric objects, one would have to know their source and the context in which they were found - thus establishing the foundation for modern excavation technique. He trained the great archaeologist J.J.A. Worsaae and sent him on excavation expeditions to acquire artifacts for ethnographic museum that he had founded and thus also founded Danish archaeology. Thomsen was the first to perceive typologies of grave goods, grave types, methods of burial, pottery and decorative motifs, and to assign these types to layers found in excavation, thus combining our different sources of knowledge to establish certainty. When, in 1836, the Royal Society of Northern Antiquaries published Thomsen's illustrated contribution to ""Guide to Scandinavian Archaeology"" (i.e. the present publication), in which he put forth his chronology for the first time, together with comments about typology and stratigraphy, Thomsen already had an international reputation. But this publication gave him more than that - it made him the founder of modern archaeology and arguably the most influential archaeologist of all times. In 1816 Thomsen had been appointed head of ""antiquarian"" collections, which later developed into the National Museum of Denmark. It was while organizing and classifying the antiquities for exhibition that he discovered how much more sense it would make to present them chronologically, and so he did, using what is now known as the ""three-age system"". Proposing that prehistory had advanced from an age of stone tools, to ages of tools made from bronze and iron was not in itself a novel idea, but no previous proposals allowed for the dating of artifacts (which Thomsen's system did for the first time) and they were all presented as systems of evolution. Refining the idea of stone-bronze-iron phases, Thomsen turned it into a chronological system by seeing which artifacts occurred with which other artifacts in closed finds. In this way, he was the first to establish an evidence-based division of prehistory into discrete periods. It is this seminal achievement that led to his being credited as the originator of the three-age system.He provided for the first time a solid empirical basis for the system that ever since the present publication has laid at the foot of all archaeological research. He showed that artifacts could be classified into types and that these types varied over time in ways that correlated with the predominance of stone, bronze or iron implements and weapons. In this way he turned the Three-age System from being an evolutionary scheme based on intuition and general knowledge into a system of relative chronology supported by archaeological evidence.""His published and personal advice to Danish archaeologists concerning the best methods of excavation produced immediate results that not only verified his system empirically but placed Denmark in the forefront of European archaeology for at least a generation. He became a national authority when C.C Rafn, secretary of the Kongelige Nordiske Oldskriftselskab (""Royal Society of Northern Antiquaries""), published his principal manuscript in ""Ledetraad til Nordisk Oldkyndighed"" (""Guide to Scandinavian Archaeology"") in 1836.""This groundbreaking publication was immediately translated into German (published the following year, 1837), in which form it reached a wide audience, influencing the archaeologists of all of Europe. In 1848, it was published in English and became highly influential on the development of archaeology theory and practice in Great Britain and the United States.In 1849 Thomsen founded the world's first ethnografic museum, which continued to contribute significantly to the development of modern archaeology.""Throughout the course of the nineteenth century growing amounts of archaeological material were being recovered as the vastly expanding engineering activities of the Industrial Revolution were transforming Central and Western Europe into the ""workshop of the world."" Indeed, much of the popular appeal of archaeology in early Victorian times lay in its seeming demonstration that this contemporary technological advancement, which both intrigued and delighted the middle classes, was no mere accident but the acceleration of a tendency for ""progress"" which was innate in humankind. This evidence that cultural evolution as opposed to degeneration from an original state of grace had been a significant feature of human history made archaeology pre-eminently a science of progress. Within the context of the history of the discipline, however, the birth of this ""scientific archaeology"", as distinct from the antiquarianism of earlier times, is generally associated with the unfolding of the ""Three Age System"" and the pioneering work of C.J. Thomsen.While in the past a few archaeologists had attempted to subdivide prehistoric materials into various temporal segments, it was Thomsen who first envisaged, and applied, on the basis of archaeological evidence, a systematic classification of antiquities according to the criteria of material use and form which could be correlated with a sequence of temporal periods: the Ages of Stone, Bronze, and Iron, familiar to every student of archaeology for the last hundred years. The novelty of this approach, however, did not lie in the concept of technological development gleaned from his familiarity with the conjectural history of the Enlightenment, or in his assumption of a sequence of Stone, Bronze, or Iron Ages, itself a variation of Lucretius' popular model. Rather, it lay in his employment of ""seriational principles"" acquired from his extensive knowledge of numismatics, which he used to combine evidence concerning technology, grave goods, along with the shape and decoration of various artefacts into an internally consistent developmental sequence. Though Thomsen's Museum of Northern Antiquities in Denmark had arranged its collection of artefacts in accordance with this new system as early as 1819, the first written account of his research was not set out in print until the ""Ledetraad til Nordisk Oldkyndighed"" (""Guide Book to Northern/Nordic Antiquities"") was published in 1836. While prior to Thomsen's work, thinking about antiquities in both Europe and the United States bas both intellectually fragmented and essentially speculative, the publication of the ""Ledetraad"" and its translation into German a year later unified archaeological studies by providing scholars with an exemplar or ""paradigm"". For, while previously antiquarians and indeed classical archaeologists, who were interested in what are now recognized to be prehistoric remains, tended to look to written records and/or oral traditions to provide a historical context for their finds, it was Thomsen who liberated archaeologists from this restrictive assumption through the creation of a carefully controlled chronology which allowed for the comprehensive study of those periods in history for which NO written records were available. In the second half of the nineteenth century, Thomsen's system established itself as THE system, as his basic classification of artefacts, arranged in periods by virtue of an analogy with the form and function of tools in his own day, was modified an elaborated upon by, among others, Worsaae, de Mortillet and John Lubbock."" (D.A. Nestor: Cognitive Perspectives on Israelite Identity, pp. 46-48).‎

‎Ledetraad til Nordisk Oldkyndighed, udgiven af det kongelige Nordiske Oldskrift-Selskab. - [ESTABLISHING SCIENTIFIC ARCHAEOLOGY]‎

‎Kjöbenhavn (Copenhagen): S.L. Møllers Bogtrykkeri, 1836. 8vo. Slightly worn contemporary half calf. Wear to upper capital. Previous owner's signature to front free end-paper. Minor brownspotting to titlepage and the last few leaves, otherwise a nice and clean copy. Illustrated. (4), 100 pp.‎

‎Scarce first edition of this milestone publication, which laid the foundation of modern archaeology and transformed it into an exact science. With this seminal publication, Thomsen was the first to establish an evidence-based division of prehistory into discrete periods, and with it he became the originator of the three-age system (the division into Stone Age - Bronze Age - Iron Age), which is ""the basic chronology that now underpins the archaeology of most of the Old World"" (Rowley-Conwy: From Genesis to Prehistory, p.1). This foundational work altered our understanding of our world and our place in it and contains the first use of ""culture"" in an archaeological context.""Christian Jürgensen Thomsen, (born Dec. 29, 1788, Copenhagen, Den.-died May 21, 1865, Copenhagen), Danish archaeologist who deserves major credit for developing the three-part system of prehistory, naming the Stone, Bronze, and Iron ages for the successive stages of man's technological development in Europe. His tripartite scheme brought the first semblance of order to prehistory and formed the basis for chronological schemes developed for other areas of the globe by succeeding generations of archaeologists."" (Encycl. Britt.).Up until the beginning of the 19th century, our understanding of antiquities had been very loose and fumbling. Studying the artifacts, earlier archaeologists had used a great deal of imagination, especially when adapting information from written sources to the objects. Only when Thomsen enters the scene, this approach changes. He is the first to focus the investigation upon the artifacts themselves. Quickly realizing that this approach must be the only way forward, he soon distinguished clearly between objects, both similar and different, and established what belonged together in time and where there were chronological differences. He was among the first to differentiate between history that could be studied through written sources and prehistory which could only be studied through material culture. He realized - as the first - that in order to interpret findings of prehistoric objects, one would have to know their source and the context in which they were found - thus establishing the foundation for modern excavation technique. He trained the great archaeologist J.J.A. Worsaae and sent him on excavation expeditions to acquire artifacts for ethnographic museum that he had founded and thus also founded Danish archaeology. Thomsen was the first to perceive typologies of grave goods, grave types, methods of burial, pottery and decorative motifs, and to assign these types to layers found in excavation, thus combining our different sources of knowledge to establish certainty. When, in 1836, the Royal Society of Northern Antiquaries published Thomsen's illustrated contribution to ""Guide to Scandinavian Archaeology"" (i.e. the present publication), in which he put forth his chronology for the first time, together with comments about typology and stratigraphy, Thomsen already had an international reputation. But this publication gave him more than that - it made him the founder of modern archaeology and arguably the most influential archaeologist of all times. In 1816 Thomsen had been appointed head of ""antiquarian"" collections, which later developed into the National Museum of Denmark. It was while organizing and classifying the antiquities for exhibition that he discovered how much more sense it would make to present them chronologically, and so he did, using what is now known as the ""three-age system"". Proposing that prehistory had advanced from an age of stone tools, to ages of tools made from bronze and iron was not in itself a novel idea, but no previous proposals allowed for the dating of artifacts (which Thomsen's system did for the first time) and they were all presented as systems of evolution. Refining the idea of stone-bronze-iron phases, Thomsen turned it into a chronological system by seeing which artifacts occurred with which other artifacts in closed finds. In this way, he was the first to establish an evidence-based division of prehistory into discrete periods. It is this seminal achievement that led to his being credited as the originator of the three-age system.He provided for the first time a solid empirical basis for the system that ever since the present publication has laid at the foot of all archaeological research. He showed that artifacts could be classified into types and that these types varied over time in ways that correlated with the predominance of stone, bronze or iron implements and weapons. In this way he turned the Three-age System from being an evolutionary scheme based on intuition and general knowledge into a system of relative chronology supported by archaeological evidence.""His published and personal advice to Danish archaeologists concerning the best methods of excavation produced immediate results that not only verified his system empirically but placed Denmark in the forefront of European archaeology for at least a generation. He became a national authority when C.C Rafn, secretary of the Kongelige Nordiske Oldskriftselskab (""Royal Society of Northern Antiquaries""), published his principal manuscript in ""Ledetraad til Nordisk Oldkyndighed"" (""Guide to Scandinavian Archaeology"") in 1836.""This groundbreaking publication was immediately translated into German (published the following year, 1837), in which form it reached a wide audience, influencing the archaeologists of all of Europe. In 1848, it was published in English and became highly influential on the development of archaeology theory and practice in Great Britain and the United States.In 1849 Thomsen founded the world's first ethnografic museum, which continued to contribute significantly to the development of modern archaeology.""Throughout the course of the nineteenth century growing amounts of archaeological material were being recovered as the vastly expanding engineering activities of the Industrial Revolution were transforming Central and Western Europe into the ""workshop of the world."" Indeed, much of the popular appeal of archaeology in early Victorian times lay in its seeming demonstration that this contemporary technological advancement, which both intrigued and delighted the middle classes, was no mere accident but the acceleration of a tendency for ""progress"" which was innate in humankind. This evidence that cultural evolution as opposed to degeneration from an original state of grace had been a significant feature of human history made archaeology pre-eminently a science of progress. Within the context of the history of the discipline, however, the birth of this ""scientific archaeology"", as distinct from the antiquarianism of earlier times, is generally associated with the unfolding of the ""Three Age System"" and the pioneering work of C.J. Thomsen.While in the past a few archaeologists had attempted to subdivide prehistoric materials into various temporal segments, it was Thomsen who first envisaged, and applied, on the basis of archaeological evidence, a systematic classification of antiquities according to the criteria of material use and form which could be correlated with a sequence of temporal periods: the Ages of Stone, Bronze, and Iron, familiar to every student of archaeology for the last hundred years. The novelty of this approach, however, did not lie in the concept of technological development gleaned from his familiarity with the conjectural history of the Enlightenment, or in his assumption of a sequence of Stone, Bronze, or Iron Ages, itself a variation of Lucretius' popular model. Rather, it lay in his employment of ""seriational principles"" acquired from his extensive knowledge of numismatics, which he used to combine evidence concerning technology, grave goods, along with the shape and decoration of various artefacts into an internally consistent developmental sequence. Though Thomsen's Museum of Northern Antiquities in Denmark had arranged its collection of artefacts in accordance with this new system as early as 1819, the first written account of his research was not set out in print until the ""Ledetraad til Nordisk Oldkyndighed"" (""Guide Book to Northern/Nordic Antiquities"") was published in 1836. While prior to Thomsen's work, thinking about antiquities in both Europe and the United States bas both intellectually fragmented and essentially speculative, the publication of the ""Ledetraad"" and its translation into German a year later unified archaeological studies by providing scholars with an exemplar or ""paradigm"". For, while previously antiquarians and indeed classical archaeologists, who were interested in what are now recognized to be prehistoric remains, tended to look to written records and/or oral traditions to provide a historical context for their finds, it was Thomsen who liberated archaeologists from this restrictive assumption through the creation of a carefully controlled chronology which allowed for the comprehensive study of those periods in history for which NO written records were available. In the second half of the nineteenth century, Thomsen's system established itself as THE system, as his basic classification of artefacts, arranged in periods by virtue of an analogy with the form and function of tools in his own day, was modified an elaborated upon by, among others, Worsaae, de Mortillet and John Lubbock."" (D.A. Nestor: Cognitive Perspectives on Israelite Identity, pp. 46-48).‎

‎Orwell ou la route 1984‎

‎ 1983 Ed. Robert Laffont - 1983 - in-8 broché - 208 pages ‎

‎Bon état - pli de lecture au dos ‎

‎La folie des autres. [Unknown Binding]‎

‎ Pliures sur dos, aspect jauni, intérieur propre. ‎

‎ Merci de nous contacter à l'avance si vous souhaitez consulter une référence dans notre boutique à Authon-du-Perche.‎

‎La folie des autres [Unknown Binding]‎

‎ PHOTOS SUR DEMANDE ‎

‎ Merci de nous contacter à l'avance si vous souhaitez consulter une référence dans notre boutique à Authon-du-Perche.‎

‎La folie des autres‎

‎Robert Laffont 1975 1975.‎

‎J'ai grandi dans des salles obscures‎

‎JC Lattès Sans date.‎

‎Très bon état‎

‎à peine un désordre‎

‎ Sans date.‎

‎Bon état‎

‎L'Euro pour tous‎

‎Odile Jacob 1998 312 pages 14x22x2cm. 1998. Broché. 312 pages.‎

‎Bon état‎

‎A peine un désordre‎

‎France loisirs 1982 1982.‎

4 Images

‎Etat correct‎