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Der menschliche Weltbegriff. - [INTRODUCING THE CONCEPT OF INTROJECTION - PRESENTATION-COPY]
Leipzig, Reisland, 1891. 8vo. Bound with the original front wrapper in a contemporaryhalf leather binding with gilding to spine. Spine with some wear and corners bumped. Internally fine. Bookplate to inside of front board. Inscription to front wrapper. XXIV, 133, (1) pp.
Scarce first edition, presentation-copy, of one of Avenarius' main works, his foundational ""The Human Concept of the World"", which constitutes one of the greatest expositions of the radical positivist doctrine of ""Empiriocriticism"" (or ""empirical criticism"") and which introduced the theory of 'Introjection' (a certain theory of a fundamental difference between the 'inner' and 'outer' experiences, with different consequences. The term has later become fundamental in psychoanalysis). The work was extremely influential and is considered one of the main works of empiriocriticism, which after WWI evolved into logical positivism. The work directly influenced thinkers such as Ernst Mach and Ber Borochov and had an immense impact upon positivist thought, both philosophical and scientific. The book is inscribed to the famous Danish philosopher Harald Høffding: ""Herr Professor H. Hoffding/ mit herzl. Gruss u. in dankbar Erinnerung/ an Skodsborg/ hochachtungsvoll/ d. Verf."", dated 1895. Harald Høffding (1843-1931) was one of the leading Danish philosophers of the turn of the century. His philosophy is greatly inspired by positivism, which around 1900, mainly due to Avenarius and Mach, came to be synonymous with empiriocriticism. Høffding had met Avenarius for the first time in Zürich and met him again in 1895 in Skodsborg (the time for which Avenarius thanks him in the presentation-inscription), a small city along the coast North of Copenhagen. Høffding describes this encounter in his ""Contemporary Philosophers"" from 1904. He describes how Avenarius sought ease in cities of water and writes how their meeting in Skodsborg constituted the first time that Avenarius made him acquainted with ""pure experience"", when walking around together in the garden of acclimatization. Avenarius died two years later. Høffding clearly admired the great thinker and describes Avenarius' character as ""a rare energy of thought united with an artistic taste and an open and calm character"". Avenarius' philosophy is further described by Høffding in his great work ""The History of Newer Philosophy"" (1894-95). The German philosopher Richard Avenarius (1843-1896), most famous for his formulation ""empirical criticism"", was not only read and studied in France and Germany, but also greatly influenced Russian philosophy"" his ""The Human Concept of the World"" was severely criticized by Lenin in his extremely influential ""Materialism and Empirio-criticism"" (1909), which became an obligatory subject of study in all institutions of higher education in the Soviet Union, as a seminal work of dialectical materialism. In the text Lenin argued against Avenarius' concept of ""Introjection"" and stated that human perceptions correctly and accurately reflect the objective external world. Avenarius believed that scientific philosophy must be concerned with purely descriptive definitions of experience, which must be free of both metaphysics and materialism. In his ""The Human Concept of the World"", Avenarius formulates his first natural idea of the universe, which forms the basis of all of his thought.""WHEN Richard Avenarius, Professor of Philosophy at the University, died at Zürich on 18th August, 1896, only a very small circle of philosophers and pupils knew what a powerful mind had been snatched from amongst them"" for he was a man whose unique thought was unappreciated by his contemporaries solely because it was unique, and diverged too much from what was previously familiar."" (Friedrich Carstanjen: Richard Avenarius and his General theory of Knowledge, Empiriocriticism. In: Mind, N.S., Vol. 6 (1897): pp. 449-475). ""An especially new point in this paper is the theory of 'Introjection,' by which Avenarius explains the growth and formation of the theory that a fundamental difference exists between the 'inner' and 'outer' experiences. Avenarius does not find in these two kinds of experience any 'incomparability' or any 'fundamental dualism'. The idea of their essential difference has been derived, according to his opinion, from a kind of false materialism, which believed in the enclosure of the soul in the body or in a part of it, and, later, in the enclosure of the faculties of the soul in the soul's substance. From this belief sprang the notion that the soul was something enclosed from the 'outer world,' into which enclosure every impression from without could come only through a putting-in, or 'introjection'. The whole modern psychology, psycho-physics and most of philosophical theories contain such opinions, and therefore serve to strengthen the artificial wall between the inner and outer experiences which makes the sciences of the 'inner world' always more inaccessible to exact methods of investigation, and consequently more sterile."" (D. Josepha Kodis, in the Psychological Review, vol. iii., 6, p. 609). ""The Philosophy of Avenarius attracts more and more attention from thinkers who are striving for new views, and it gains ground steadily. England still holds aloof from it, and this is to some extent strange, since it is in England that we find the origin of the Association Psychology and of a Common-Sense Philosophy"" it is true that taken as wholes neither of these has anything to do with Empiriocriticism, but in detail they would find many of their propositions in Empiriocriticism. It must not indeed be concealed that the difficulties of penetrating into Avenarius' works are very serious, chiefly because of the entirely new terminology introduced by him."" (Friedrich Carstanjen: Richard Avenarius and his General theory of Knowledge, Empiriocriticism. In: Mind, N.S., Vol. 6 (1897): pp. 449-475).
Philosophie als Denken der Welt gemäss dem Princip des kleinsten Kraftmasses. Prolegomena zu einer Kritik der reinen Erfahrung. Habilitationsschrift der philosophischen Facultät der Universotät zu Leipzig vorgelegt und als Einleitung zu der 10. Januar... - [INFLUENCING NIETZSCHE]
Leipzig, Fues's Verlag, 1876. 8vo. Original printed wrappers. Minor soiling to wrappers. Right-bottom corner on frontwrapper slightly bumped. Otherwise fine and clean. XIII, (1), 82 pp.
The very scarce first printing of Avenarius' Habilitationsschrift, his first publication, a work that greatly influenced contemporary philosophy, both in Europe and beyond, and was read by the greatest philosophers of the era, e.g. Nietzsche.The German philosopher Richard Avenarius (1843-1896) is most famous for his formulation of the radical positivist doctrine of ""empirical criticism"" or ""empirio-criticism"". He was not only read and studied in France and Germany but also greatly influenced Russian philosophy"" he and was severely criticized by Lenin in his Materialism and Empirio-criticism (1909). In his first publication ""Philosophie als Denken der Welt gemäss dem Princip des kleinsten Kraftmasses"", Avenarius states: ""Doubt of the correctness of my way heretofore pursued was induced through the barrenness of theoretical idealism in the field of psychology"" and yet cognition and experience should belong to this science as psychological ideas."" In general he here argues that it is the task of philosophy to develop a natural concept of the world based on ""pure experience"" and the principle of ""economic thought"". ""Nietzsche received Philosophie als Denken der Welt gemäss dem Princip des kleinsten Kraftmasses in 1876, ""and we know that he read it for the first or second time in the winter of 1883-84. Nietzsche then excerpted and discussed this reading in several longer notes, and shortly thereafter he wrote to Overbeck on April 7, 1884, stating that he needed to revise his views on epistemology and metaphysics. It is thus possible that this reading was of great importance for his thinking at the time. [...] section 14 and 15 of Beyond Good and Evil, with their critique of positivism and physiologist who emphasized the ""smallest possible effort"", were written in response to Nietzsche´s reading of Avenarius."" (Brobjer Thomas H., Nietzsche's Philosophical Context, University of Illinois Press 2008, 93 pp.)
Philosophie als Denken der Welt gemäss dem Princip des kleinsten Kraftmasses. Prolegomena zu einer Kritik der reinen Erfahrung. Habilitationsschrift der philosophischen Facultät der Universotät zu Leipzig vorgelegt und als Einleitung zu der 10. Januar... - [INFLUENCING NIETZSCHE]
Leipzig, Fues's Verlag, 1876. 8vo. A bit later black cloth binding with green gilt leather title-label to front board. Title-page on a stuband with a bit of soiling. XIII, (1), 82 pp.
The very scarce first printing of Avenarius' Habilitationsschrift, his first publication, a work that greatly influenced contemporary philosophy, both in Europe and beyond, and was read by the greatest philosophers of the era, e.g. Nietzsche.The German philosopher Richard Avenarius (1843-1896) is most famous for his formulation of the radical positivist doctrine of ""empirical criticism"" or ""empirio-criticism"". He was not only read and studied in France and Germany but also greatly influenced Russian philosophy"" he and was severely criticized by Lenin in his Materialism and Empirio-criticism (1909). In his first publication ""Philosophie als Denken der Welt gemäss dem Princip des kleinsten Kraftmasses"", Avenarius states: ""Doubt of the correctness of my way heretofore pursued was induced through the barrenness of theoretical idealism in the field of psychology"" and yet cognition and experience should belong to this science as psychological ideas."" In general he here argues that it is the task of philosophy to develop a natural concept of the world based on ""pure experience"" and the principle of ""economic thought"". ""Nietzsche received Philosophie als Denken der Welt gemäss dem Princip des kleinsten Kraftmasses in 1876, ""and we know that he read it for the first or second time in the winter of 1883-84. Nietzsche then excerpted and discussed this reading in several longer notes, and shortly thereafter he wrote to Overbeck on April 7, 1884, stating that he needed to revise his views on epistemology and metaphysics. It is thus possible that this reading was of great importance for his thinking at the time. [...] section 14 and 15 of Beyond Good and Evil, with their critique of positivism and physiologist who emphasized the ""smallest possible effort"", were written in response to Nietzsche´s reading of Avenarius."" (Brobjer Thomas H., Nietzsche's Philosophical Context, University of Illinois Press 2008, 93 pp.)
